今天上午碰到這樣一個問，就是在向catalina.sh里添加信息＜CATALINA_OPTS="-Dcom.onewaveinc.WebPro=/home/jakarta-tomcat-4.1.30/webapps/ROOT/webpro.xml"＞時，再重新啟動Tomcat就會報bin/startup.sh文件找不到的錯誤，利用bin/catalina.sh start命令也不行，經(jīng)過詢問朋友才最終明白是什么原因．
解決：
原來我是把linux服務器上的catalina.sh文件下載到本地后做修改，然后再傳到服務器上，這時候上傳的文件沒有執(zhí)行權(quán)限，所以出現(xiàn)了那種錯誤，這時需要用chmod修改文件的執(zhí)行權(quán)限，或者直接在服務器上修改就可以了．
感悟：知道的還是太少了，學吧，呵呵，你就學吧．．．．．．
附：
chmod命令詳解
指令名稱?:?chmod
使用權(quán)限?:?所有使用者
使用方式?:?chmod?[-cfvR]?[--help]?[--version]?mode?file...
說明?:?Linux/Unix?的檔案調(diào)用權(quán)限分為三級?:?檔案擁有者、群組、其他。利用?chmod?可以藉以控制檔案如何被他人所調(diào)用。
參數(shù)?:
mode?:?權(quán)限設定字串，格式如下?:?[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxX]...][,...]，其中
u?表示該檔案的擁有者，g?表示與該檔案的擁有者屬于同一個群體(group)者，o?表示其他以外的人，a?表示這三者皆是。
+?表示增加權(quán)限、-?表示取消權(quán)限、=?表示唯一設定權(quán)限。
r?表示可讀取，w?表示可寫入，x?表示可執(zhí)行，X?表示只有當該檔案是個子目錄或者該檔案已經(jīng)被設定過為可執(zhí)行。
-c?:?若該檔案權(quán)限確實已經(jīng)更改，才顯示其更改動作
-f?:?若該檔案權(quán)限無法被更改也不要顯示錯誤訊息
-v?:?顯示權(quán)限變更的詳細資料
-R?:?對目前目錄下的所有檔案與子目錄進行相同的權(quán)限變更(即以遞回的方式逐個變更)
--help?:?顯示輔助說明
--version?:?顯示版本
范例?:將檔案?file1.txt?設為所有人皆可讀取?:
chmod?ugo+r?file1.txt?
將檔案?file1.txt?設為所有人皆可讀取?:
chmod?a+r?file1.txt?
將檔案?file1.txt?與?file2.txt?設為該檔案擁有者，與其所屬同一個群體者可寫入，但其他以外的人則不可寫入?:
chmod?ug+w,o-w?file1.txt?file2.txt?
將?ex1.py?設定為只有該檔案擁有者可以執(zhí)行?:
chmod?u+x?ex1.py?
將目前目錄下的所有檔案與子目錄皆設為任何人可讀取?:
chmod?-R?a+r?*?
此外chmod也可以用數(shù)字來表示權(quán)限如?chmod?777?file
語法為：chmod?abc?file
其中a,b,c各為一個數(shù)字，分別表示User、Group、及Other的權(quán)限。
r=4，w=2，x=1
若要rwx屬性則4+2+1=7；
若要rw-屬性則4+2=6；
若要r-x屬性則4+1=7。
范例：
chmod?a=rwx?file?
和
chmod?777?file?
效果相同
chmod?ug=rwx,o=x?file?
和
chmod?771?file?
效果相同
若用chmod?4755?filename可使此程序具有root的權(quán)限
catalina.sh詳解：
1 - 概述
腳本catalina.sh用于啟動和關閉tomcat服務器，是最關鍵的腳本
另外的腳本startup.sh和shutdown.sh都是使用不同的參數(shù)調(diào)用了該腳本
該腳本的使用方法如下（引自該腳本本身）：
echo "Usage: catalina.sh ( commands ... )"
echo "commands:"
echo " debug Start Catalina in a debugger"
echo " debug -security Debug Catalina with a security manager"
echo " embedded Start Catalina in embedded mode"
echo " jpda start Start Catalina under JPDA debugger"
echo " run Start Catalina in the current window"
echo " run -security Start in the current window with security manager"
echo " start Start Catalina in a separate window"
echo " start -security Start in a separate window with security manager"
echo " stop Stop Catalina"
2 - 腳本分析
#!/bin/sh
# =============================================================
# 該腳本設置正確的環(huán)境變量和系統(tǒng)信息，然后啟動或者停止tomcat server
# 具體的操作是：
# 使用命令行參數(shù)作為args的實參，調(diào)用org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(String[])
# ==============================================================
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Start/Stop Script for the CATALINA Server
#
# Environment Variable Prequisites
#
# CATALINA_HOME May point at your Catalina "build" directory.
#
# CATALINA_BASE (Optional) Base directory for resolving dynamic portions
# of a Catalina installation. If not present, resolves to
# the same directory that CATALINA_HOME points to.
#
# CATALINA_OPTS (Optional) Java runtime options used when the "start",
# "stop", or "run" command is executed.
#
# CATALINA_TMPDIR (Optional) Directory path location of temporary directory
# the JVM should use (java.io.tmpdir). Defaults to
# $CATALINA_BASE/temp.
#
# JAVA_HOME Must point at your Java Development Kit installation.
#
# JAVA_OPTS (Optional) Java runtime options used when the "start",
# "stop", or "run" command is executed.
#
# JPDA_TRANSPORT (Optional) JPDA transport used when the "jpda start"
# command is executed. The default is "dt_socket".
#
# JPDA_ADDRESS (Optional) Java runtime options used when the "jpda start"
# command is executed. The default is 8000.
#
# JSSE_HOME (Optional) May point at your Java Secure Sockets Extension
# (JSSE) installation, whose JAR files will be added to the
# system class path used to start Tomcat.
#
# CATALINA_PID (Optional) Path of the file which should contains the pid
# of catalina startup java process, when start (fork) is used
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# OS specific support. $var _must_ be set to either true or false.
cygwin=false
case "`uname`" in
CYGWIN*) cygwin=true;;
esac
# PRG是被執(zhí)行的腳本的名稱，可以認為PRG=="catalina.sh"，也可能是某個符號鏈，指向該腳本。
PRG="$0"
# 處理了一下PRG，等循環(huán)跳出之后PRG成為 ????
while [ -h "$PRG" ]; do
ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`
link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`
if expr "$link" : '.*/.*' > /dev/null; then
PRG="$link"
else
PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`/"$link"
fi
done
# PRGDIR是PRG的目錄路徑名稱
PRGDIR=`dirname "$PRG"`
# 執(zhí)行$CATALINA_HOME/BIN/setenv.sh來設置環(huán)境變量
# [ -r filename ] 是判斷是否文件存在且可讀
CATALINA_HOME=`cd "$PRGDIR/.." ; pwd`
if [ -r "$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/setenv.sh ]; then
. "$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/setenv.sh
fi
# For Cygwin, 確保所有的路徑名都符合UNIX格式
if $cygwin; then
[ -n "$JAVA_HOME" ] && JAVA_HOME=`cygpath --unix "$JAVA_HOME"`
[ -n "$CATALINA_HOME" ] && CATALINA_HOME=`cygpath --unix "$CATALINA_HOME"`
[ -n "$CATALINA_BASE" ] && CATALINA_BASE=`cygpath --unix "$CATALINA_BASE"`
[ -n "$CLASSPATH" ] && CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --unix "$CLASSPATH"`
[ -n "$JSSE_HOME" ] && JSSE_HOME=`cygpath --path --unix "$JSSE_HOME"`
fi
# 設置用來初始化SystemClassLoader的CLASSPATH變量：通過執(zhí)行腳本setclasspath.sh完成
# 注意：腳本setclasspath.sh改變了原來的$CLASSPATH變量，而把它設為：
# CLASSPATH=$CATALINA_HOME/bin/bootstrap.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
# 其中bootstrap.jar是package org.apache.catalina.startup的打包文件，
# 含有啟動方法org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(String[] args)
# tools.jar含有javac編譯器，用來把jsp文件編譯成為servlet class
if [ -r "$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/setclasspath.sh ]; then
BASEDIR="$CATALINA_HOME"
. "$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/setclasspath.sh
else
echo "Cannot find $CATALINA_HOME/bin/setclasspath.sh"
echo "This file is needed to run this program"
exit 1
fi
# 在CLASSPATH環(huán)境變量后面補上一些JAR文件
# [ -n string ] 判斷字符串是否長度非0；[ -z string ] 判斷字符串是否長度為0
# 它們可以用來判斷是否某個環(huán)境變量已經(jīng)被設置
if [ -n "$JSSE_HOME" ]; then
CLASSPATH="$CLASSPATH":"$JSSE_HOME"/lib/jcert.jar:"$JSSE_HOME"/lib/jnet.jar:"$JSSE_HOME"/lib/jsse.jar
fi
CLASSPATH="$CLASSPATH":"$CATALINA_HOME"/bin/bootstrap.jar
# 指定CATALINA_BASE變量
# 如果CATALINA_BASE沒有值，就讓CATALINA_BASE=$CATALINA_HOME
if [ -z "$CATALINA_BASE" ] ; then
CATALINA_BASE="$CATALINA_HOME"
fi
# 指定CATALINA_TMPDIR變量
# 如果CATALINA_TMPDIR沒有值，就讓CATALINA_TMPDIR=$CATALINA_BASE/temp
if [ -z "$CATALINA_TMPDIR" ] ; then
# Define the java.io.tmpdir to use for Catalina
CATALINA_TMPDIR="$CATALINA_BASE"/temp
fi
# For Cygwin, 在執(zhí)行java程序前把路徑名轉(zhuǎn)換成WINDOWS格式
if $cygwin; then
JAVA_HOME=`cygpath --path --windows "$JAVA_HOME"`
CATALINA_HOME=`cygpath --path --windows "$CATALINA_HOME"`
CATALINA_BASE=`cygpath --path --windows "$CATALINA_BASE"`
CATALINA_TMPDIR=`cygpath --path --windows "$CATALINA_TMPDIR"`
CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --windows "$CLASSPATH"`
JSSE_HOME=`cygpath --path --windows "$JSSE_HOME"`
fi
# 顯示信息，然后執(zhí)行命令
echo "Using CATALINA_BASE: $CATALINA_BASE"
echo "Using CATALINA_HOME: $CATALINA_HOME"
echo "Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: $CATALINA_TMPDIR"
echo "Using JAVA_HOME: $JAVA_HOME"
# ......當執(zhí)行catalina.sh的參數(shù)是jpda的時候......
if [ "$1" = "jpda" ] ; then
if [ -z "$JPDA_TRANSPORT" ]; then
JPDA_TRANSPORT="dt_socket"
fi
if [ -z "$JPDA_ADDRESS" ]; then
JPDA_ADDRESS="8000"
fi
if [ -z "$JPDA_OPTS" ]; then
JPDA_OPTS="-Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:transport=$JPDA_TRANSPORT,address=$JPDA_ADDRESS,server=y,suspend=n"
fi
CATALINA_OPTS="$CATALINA_OPTS $JPDA_OPTS"
shift
fi
# ......當執(zhí)行catalina.sh的參數(shù)是debug的時候......
if [ "$1" = "debug" ] ; then
shift
if [ "$1" = "-security" ] ; then
echo "Using Security Manager"
shift
exec "$_RUNJDB" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
-sourcepath "$CATALINA_HOME"/../../jakarta-tomcat-4.0/catalina/src/share \
-Djava.security.manager \
-Djava.security.policy=="$CATALINA_BASE"/conf/catalina.policy \
-Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" \
-Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start
else
exec "$_RUNJDB" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
-sourcepath "$CATALINA_HOME"/../../jakarta-tomcat-4.0/catalina/src/share \
-Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" \
-Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start
fi
# ......當執(zhí)行catalina.sh的參數(shù)是embedded的時候......
elif [ "$1" = "embedded" ] ; then
shift
echo "Embedded Classpath: $CLASSPATH"
exec "$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
-Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" \
-Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Embedded "$@"
# +----------------------------------------------------+
# | ......當執(zhí)行catalina.sh的參數(shù)是run的時候...... |
# | 在當前窗口中啟動tomcat服務器！！！ |
# +----------------------------------------------------+
elif [ "$1" = "run" ]; then
# 把參數(shù)run去掉
shift
# 如果參數(shù)是run -security，則啟動Security Manager
if [ "$1" = "-security" ] ; then
echo "Using Security Manager"
shift
exec "$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
-Djava.security.manager \
-Djava.security.policy=="$CATALINA_BASE"/conf/catalina.policy \
-Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" \
-Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start
# 如果參數(shù)是孤單的run，則在本窗口中啟動tomcat服務器
# 在本窗口中啟動的方法是使用exec，讓當前進程fork一個新進程來啟動tomcat，當前進程是tomcat的父進程
# 啟動tomcat的類是org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main("start");
else
exec "$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
-Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" \
-Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start
fi
# +----------------------------------------------------+
# | ......當執(zhí)行catalina.sh的參數(shù)是start的時候...... |
# | 在新窗口中啟動tomcat服務器！！！ |
# +----------------------------------------------------+
elif [ "$1" = "start" ] ; then
# 把參數(shù)start去掉
shift
# 創(chuàng)建一個文件（如果文件不存在的話）$CATALINA_BASE/logs/catalina.out
touch "$CATALINA_BASE"/logs/catalina.out
# 如果參數(shù)是start -security，則啟動Security Manager
if [ "$1" = "-security" ] ; then
echo "Using Security Manager"
shift
"$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
-Djava.security.manager \
-Djava.security.policy=="$CATALINA_BASE"/conf/catalina.policy \
-Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" \
-Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start \
>> "$CATALINA_BASE"/logs/catalina.out 2>&1 &
if [ ! -z "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then
echo $! > $CATALINA_PID
fi
# 如果參數(shù)是孤單的start，那么在新窗口中啟動tomcat
else
"$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
-Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" \
-Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start \
>> "$CATALINA_BASE"/logs/catalina.out 2>&1 &
if [ ! -z "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then
echo $! > $CATALINA_PID
fi
fi
# +----------------------------------------------------+
# | ......當執(zhí)行catalina.sh的參數(shù)是stop的時候...... |
# | 關閉tomcat服務器！！！ |
# +----------------------------------------------------+
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ] ; then
# 把參數(shù)stop去掉
shift
# 關閉tomcat服務器的類是org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap->main("stop");
# 注意：java -D 是設置系統(tǒng)屬性
exec "$_RUNJAVA" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS" -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
-Dcatalina.base="$CATALINA_BASE" \
-Dcatalina.home="$CATALINA_HOME" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="$CATALINA_TMPDIR" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" stop
# +----------------------------------------------------+
# | ......當執(zhí)行catalina.sh的參數(shù)不可辨認的時候...... |
# | 打印幫助信息，由此查看各種參數(shù)代表的意義！！！ |
# +----------------------------------------------------+
else
echo "Usage: catalina.sh ( commands ... )"
echo "commands:"
echo " debug Start Catalina in a debugger"
echo " debug -security Debug Catalina with a security manager"
echo " embedded Start Catalina in embedded mode"
echo " jpda start Start Catalina under JPDA debugger"
echo " run Start Catalina in the current window"
echo " run -security Start in the current window with security manager"
echo " start Start Catalina in a separate window"
echo " start -security Start in a separate window with security manager"
echo " stop Stop Catalina"
exit 1
fi