【永恒的瞬間】
          ?Give me hapy ?

          1           泛型(Generic)

          1.1          說明

          增強了java的類型安全,可以在編譯期間對容器內(nèi)的對象進行類型檢查,在運行期不必進行類型的轉(zhuǎn)換。而在j2se5之前必須在運行期動態(tài)進行容器內(nèi)對象的檢查及轉(zhuǎn)換

          減少含糊的容器,可以定義什么類型的數(shù)據(jù)放入容器

          ArrayList<Integer> listOfIntegers; // <TYPE_NAME> is new to the syntax

          Integer integerObject;

          listOfIntegers = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // <TYPE_NAME> is new to the syntax

          listOfIntegers.add(new Integer(10)); // 只能是Integer類型

          integerObject = listOfIntegers.get(0); // 取出對象不需要轉(zhuǎn)換

          1.2          用法

          聲明及實例化泛型類:

          HashMap<String,Float> hm = new HashMap<String,Float>();

          //不能使用原始類型

          GenList<int> nList = new GenList<int>();  //編譯錯誤

          J2SE 5.0目前不支持原始類型作為類型參數(shù)(type parameter)

          定義泛型接口:

          public interface GenInterface<T> {

              void func(T t);

          }

          定義泛型類:

          public class ArrayList<ItemType> { ... }

          public class GenMap<T, V> { ... }

          1

          public class MyList<Element> extends LinkedList<Element>

          {

                 public void swap(int i, int j)

                 {

                        Element temp = this.get(i);

                        this.set(i, this.get(j));

                        this.set(j, temp);

                 }

                

                 public static void main(String[] args)

                 {

                        MyList<String> list = new MyList<String>();

                        list.add('hi');

                        list.add('andy');

                        System.out.println(list.get(0) + ' ' + list.get(1));

                        list.swap(0,1);

                        System.out.println(list.get(0) + ' ' + list.get(1));

                 }

          }

          2

          public class GenList <T>{

                 private T[] elements;

                 private int size = 0;

                 private int length = 0;

           

                 public GenList(int size) {

                        elements = (T[])new Object[size];

                        this.size = size;

                 }

           

                 public T get(int i) {

                        if (i < length) {

                               return elements[i];

                        }

                        return null;

                 }

                

                 public void add(T e) {

                        if (length < size - 1)

                               elements[length++] = e;

                 }

          }

          泛型方法:

          public class TestGenerics{

                 public <T> String getString(T obj) { //實現(xiàn)了一個泛型方法

                        return obj.toString();

                 }

                

                 public static void main(String [] args){

                        TestGenerics t = new TestGenerics();

                        String s = 'Hello';

                        Integer i = 100;

                        System.out.println(t.getString(s));

                        System.out.println(t.getString(i));

                        }

          }

          1.3          受限泛型

            受限泛型是指類型參數(shù)的取值范圍是受到限制的. extends關鍵字不僅僅可以用來聲明類的繼承關系, 也可以用來聲明類型參數(shù)(type parameter)的受限關系.例如, 我們只需要一個存放數(shù)字的列表, 包括整數(shù)(Long, Integer, Short), 實數(shù)(Double, Float), 不能用來存放其他類型, 例如字符串(String), 也就是說, 要把類型參數(shù)T的取值泛型限制在Number極其子類中.在這種情況下, 我們就可以使用extends關鍵字把類型參數(shù)(type parameter)限制為數(shù)字

          示例

          public class Limited<T extends Number> {

                 public static void main(String[] args) {

                        Limited<Integer> number;   //正確

                        Limited<String> str;       //編譯錯誤

                 }

          }

          1.4          泛型與異常

          類型參數(shù)在catch塊中不允許出現(xiàn),但是能用在方法的throws之后。例:

          import java.io.*;

          interface Executor<E extends Exception> {

                 void execute() throws E;

          }

           

          public class GenericExceptionTest {

                 public static void main(String args[]) {

                        try {

                               Executor<IOException> e = new Executor<IOException>() {

                                      public void execute() throws IOException{

                                             // code here that may throw an

                                             // IOException or a subtype of

                                             // IOException

                                      }

                                      };

                               e.execute();

                        } catch(IOException ioe) {

                               System.out.println('IOException: ' + ioe);

                               ioe.printStackTrace();

                        }

                 }

          }

          1.5          泛型的通配符'?'

          '?'可以用來代替任何類型, 例如使用通配符來實現(xiàn)print方法。

          public static void print(GenList<?> list) {})

          1.6          泛型的一些局限型

          不能實例化泛型

          T t = new T(); //error

          不能實例化泛型類型的數(shù)組

          T[] ts= new T[10];   //編譯錯誤

          不能實例化泛型參數(shù)數(shù)

          Pair<String>[] table = new Pair<String>(10); // ERROR

          類的靜態(tài)變量不能聲明為類型參數(shù)類型

          public class GenClass<T> {

               private static T t;    //編譯錯誤

          }

          泛型類不能繼承自Throwable以及其子類

          public GenExpection<T> extends Exception{}    //編譯錯誤

          不能用于基礎類型int

          Pair<double> //error

          Pair<Double> //right

          2           增強循環(huán)(Enhanced for Loop)

          舊的循環(huán)

          LinkedList list = new LinkedList();             

          list.add('Hi');

          list.add('everyone!');

          list.add('Was');

          list.add('the');

          list.add('pizza');

          list.add('good?');          

          for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)

                 System.out.println((String) list.get(i));

          //或者用以下循環(huán)

          //for(Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {

          //Integer stringObject = (String)iter.next();

          // ... more statements to use stringObject...

          //}

          新的循環(huán)

          LinkedList<String> list = new LinkedList<String>();         

          list.add('Hi');

          list.add('everyone!');

          list.add('Was');

          list.add('the');

          list.add('pizza');

          list.add('good?');          

          for (String s : list)

                 System.out.println(s);

          很清晰、方便,一看便知其用法

          3           可變參數(shù)(Variable Arguments)

          實現(xiàn)了更靈活的方法參數(shù)傳入方式,System.out.printf是個很好的例子

          用法:void test(Object … args)

          一個很容易理解的例子

          public static int add(int ... args){

                 int total = 0;   

                 for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)

                        total += args[i];     

                 return total;

          }

          public static void main(String[] args){

                 int a;

                 a = Varargs.add(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);

                 System.out.println(a);

          }

          4           自動實現(xiàn)裝箱和解箱操作(Boxing/Unboxing Conversions)

          說明:實現(xiàn)了基本類型與外覆類之間的隱式轉(zhuǎn)換。基本類型至外覆類的轉(zhuǎn)換稱為裝箱,外覆類至基本類型的轉(zhuǎn)換為解箱。這些類包括

          Primitive Type     Reference Type

          boolean           Boolean

          byte              Byte

          char              Character

          short             Short

          int               Integer

          long              Long

          float              Float

          double            Double

          例如,舊的實現(xiàn)方式

          Integer intObject;

          int intPrimitive;

          ArrayList arrayList = new ArrayList();

          intPrimitive = 11;

          intObject = new Integer(intPrimitive);

          arrayList.put(intObject); // 不能放入int類型,只能使Integer

          新的實現(xiàn)方式

          int intPrimitive;

          ArrayList arrayList = new ArrayList();

          intPrimitive = 11;

          //在這里intPrimitive被自動的轉(zhuǎn)換為Integer類型

          arrayList.put(intPrimitive);

          5           靜態(tài)導入(Static Imports)

          很簡單的東西,看一個例子:

          沒有靜態(tài)導入

          Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2));

          有了靜態(tài)導入

          import static java.lang.Math.*;

          sqrt(pow(x, 2) + pow(y, 2));

           

          其中import static java.lang.Math.*;就是靜態(tài)導入的語法,它的意思是導入Math類中的所有static方法和屬性。這樣我們在使用這些方法和屬性時就不必寫類名。

          需要注意的是默認包無法用靜態(tài)導入,另外如果導入的類中有重復的方法和屬性則需要寫出類名,否則編譯時無法通過。

          6          枚舉類(Enumeration Classes)

          用法:public enum Name {types, ….}

          簡單的例子:

          public enum Colors {Red, Yellow, Blue, Orange, Green, Purple, Brown, Black}

          public static void main(String[] args){

              Colors myColor = Colors.Red;

              System.out.println(myColor);

          }

          又一個簡單例子:

          import java.util.*;

          enum OperatingSystems {windows, unix, linux, macintosh}

          public class EnumExample1 {

              public static void main(String args[])  {

                  OperatingSystems os;

                  os = OperatingSystems.windows;

                  switch(os) {

                      case windows:

                          System.out.println(“You chose Windows!”);

                          break;

                      case unix:

                          System.out.println(“You chose Unix!”);

                          break;

                      case linux:

                          System.out.println(“You chose Linux!”);

                          break;

                      case macintosh:

                          System.out.println(“You chose Macintosh!”);

                          break;

                      default:

                          System.out.println(“I don’t know your OS.”);

                          break;

                  }

              }

          }

          應運enum簡寫的例子:

          import java.util.*;

           

          public class EnumTest

          {

             public static void main(String[] args)

             {

                Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

                System.out.print('Enter a size: (SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRA_LARGE) ');

                String input = in.next().toUpperCase();

                Size size = Enum.valueOf(Size.class, input);

                System.out.println('size=' + size);

                System.out.println('abbreviation=' + size.getAbbreviation());

                if (size == Size.EXTRA_LARGE)

                   System.out.println('Good job--you paid attention to the _.');

             }

          }

           

          enum Size

          {

             SMALL('S'), MEDIUM('M'), LARGE('L'), EXTRA_LARGE('XL');

           

             private Size(String abbreviation) { this.abbreviation = abbreviation; }

             public String getAbbreviation() { return abbreviation; }

           

             private String abbreviation;

          }

          enum類中擁有方法的一個例子:

          enum ProgramFlags {

              showErrors(0x01),

              includeFileOutput(0x02),

              useAlternateProcessor(0x04);

              private int bit;

              ProgramFlags(int bitNumber) {

                  bit = bitNumber;

              }

              public int getBitNumber()   {

                  return(bit);

              }

          }

          public class EnumBitmapExample {

              public static void main(String args[])  {

                  ProgramFlags flag = ProgramFlags.showErrors;

                  System.out.println(“Flag selected is: “ +

                  flag.ordinal() +

                  “ which is “ +

                  flag.name());

              }

          }

          7          元數(shù)據(jù)(Meta data)

          請參考

          http://www-900.ibm.com/developerWorks/cn/java/j-annotate1/

          http://www-900.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-annotate2.shtml

          8          Building Strings(StringBuilder)

          JDK5.0中引入了StringBuilder類,該類的方法不是同步(synchronized)的,這使得它比StringBuffer更加輕量級和有效。

          9          控制臺輸入(Console Input)

          JDK5.0之前我們只能通過JOptionPane.showInputDialog進行輸入,但在5.0中我們可以通過類Scanner在控制臺進行輸入操作

              例如在1.4中的輸入

              String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(prompt);

          int n = Integer.parseInt(input);

          double x = Double.parseDouble(input);

          s = input;

          5.0中我們可以

          Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

          System.out.print(prompt);

          int n = in.nextInt();

          double x = in.nextDouble();

          String s = in.nextLine();

          10      Covariant Return Types(不曉得怎么翻譯,大概是 改變返回類型)

          JDK5之前我們覆蓋一個方法時我們無法改變被方法的返回類型,但在JDK5中我們可以改變它

          例如1.4中我們只能

          public Object clone() { ... }

          ...

          Employee cloned = (Employee) e.clone();

          但是在5.0中我們可以改變返回類型為Employee

          public Employee clone() { ... }

          ...

          Employee cloned = e.clone();

          11      格式化I/O(Formatted I/O)

          增加了類似C的格式化輸入輸出,簡單的例子:

          public class TestFormat{

              public static void main(String[] args){

                  int a = 150000, b = 10;

                  float c = 5.0101f, d = 3.14f;

                 

                  System.out.printf('%4d %4d%n', a, b);

                  System.out.printf('%x %x%n', a, b);

                  System.out.printf('%3.2f %1.1f%n', c, d);

                  System.out.printf('%1.3e %1.3e%n', c, d*100);

              }

          }

          輸出結(jié)果為:

          150000   10

          249f0 a

          5.01 3.1

          5.010e+00 3.140e+02

          下面是一些格式化參數(shù)說明(摘自Core Java 2 Volume I - Fundamentals, Seventh Edition)

          Table 3-5. Conversions for printf

          Conversion Character

          Type

          Example

          d

          Decimal integer

          159

          x

          Hexadecimal integer

          9f

          o

          Octal integer

          237

          f

          Fixed-point floating-point

          15.9

          e

          Exponential floating-point

          1.59E+01

          g

          General floating-point (the shorter of e and f)

           

          a

          Hexadecimal floating point

          0x1.fccdp3

          s

          String

          Hello

          c

          Character

          H

          b

          Boolean

          TRUE

          h

          Hash code

          42628b2

          tx

          Date and time

          See Table 3-7

          %

          The percent symbol

          %

          n

          The platform-dependent line separator

           

           

          Table 3-7. Date and Time Conversion Characters

          Conversion Character

          Type

          Example

          C

          Complete date and time

          Mon Feb 09 18:05:19 PST 2004

          F

          ISO 8601 date

          2004-02-09

          D

          U.S. formatted date (month/day/year)

          02/09/2004

          T

          24-hour time

          18:05:19

          r

          12-hour time

          06:05:19 pm

          R

          24-hour time, no seconds

          18:05

          Y

          Four-digit year (with leading zeroes)

          2004

          y

          Last two digits of the year (with leading zeroes)

          04

          C

          First two digits of the year (with leading zeroes)

          20

          B

          Full month name

          February

          b or h

          Abbreviated month name

          Feb

          m

          Two-digit month (with leading zeroes)

          02

          d

          Two-digit day (with leading zeroes)

          09

          e

          Two-digit day (without leading zeroes)

          9

          A

          Full weekday name

          Monday

          a

          Abbreviated weekday name

          Mon

          j

          Three-digit day of year (with leading zeroes), between 001 and 366

          posted on 2007-06-08 20:26 ???MengChuChen 閱讀(423) 評論(0)  編輯  收藏 所屬分類: JAVAEE
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