�??xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"><channel><title>&#20122;&#27954;&#31934;&#21697;&#22269;&#20135;&#31934;&#21697;&#20037;&#20037;&#28165;&#32431;&#30452;&#25773;&#44;&#22269;&#20135;&#22312;&#32447;&#20081;&#30721;&#19968;&#21306;&#20108;&#21306;&#19977;&#21306;&#44;&#20037;&#20013;&#25991;&#23383;&#24149;&#19968;&#21306;</title><link>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/category/53752.html</link><description>技术�\</description><language>zh-cn</language><lastBuildDate>Sun, 21 Jul 2013 16:36:07 GMT</lastBuildDate><pubDate>Sun, 21 Jul 2013 16:36:07 GMT</pubDate><ttl>60</ttl><item><title>循序渐进Linux�W�记 �Q?�W?�?�pȝ��基本�l�构</title><link>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/articles/401724.html</link><dc:creator>liwei485</dc:creator><author>liwei485</author><pubDate>Thu, 18 Jul 2013 13:46:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/articles/401724.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/comments/401724.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/articles/401724.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/comments/commentRss/401724.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/services/trackbacks/401724.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[3.1 Linux 控制台的使用<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 默认 Linux下有6个字�W�控制台�Q�每个控制台可独立作业，互不影响�?br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 在图形界面：Ctrl + Alt + F1-&gt;F6 &nbsp;可切换至��M��一个字�W�界�?br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 在字�W�界面：Ctrl + Alt + F7 �?输入 startx 可切换回囑�Ş界面<br /><br />3.2 �pȝ��与硬�?br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux下通过命��o可以清楚的显�C�硬件信�?(<span style="color: #ff0000;">dmesg|more命��o)</span><br />1�Q?查看�pȝ��<a  target="_blank">PCI</a>讑֤�<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 20px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 10pt;">PCI是在CPU和原来的�pȝ���ȝ��之间插入的一�U��ȝ���Q�具体由一个桥接电路实现对�q�一层的���理�Q��ƈ实现上下之间的接口以协调数据的传送。管理器提供信号�~�冲�Q�能在高旉���频率下保持高性能�Q�适合为显卡，声卡�Q�网卡，MODEM�{�设备提供连接接�?/span><br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />命��o�Q�lspci<br />"lspci -v "能显�C�更详细的信�?br /><br />2�Q�查看CUP信息<br />命��o�Q�more /proc/cpuinfo<br /><br />3) 查看内存信息<br />命��o�Q�more /proc/meminfo<br /><br />4) 查看���盘分区信息<br />命��o�Q�fdisk -l<br /><br /><div>3.2.2 Linux 外在讑֤�的���?/div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>Linux中外在设备（如��Y盘，U盘，光盘�Q�需要通过挂蝲的方式才能���?/div><div></div><div>1�Q�硬件与讑֤�文�g</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>����g讑֤�都是以文件的形式存在。��用设备就像��用普通文件一栗��?/div><div>1�Q��? 讑֤�文�g</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>讑֤�文�g都存攑֜� �Q�dev 目录�?/div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>命名�Q�主讑֤���P��表示讑֤��c�d���Q?�Q?�ơ设备号�Q�表�C�哪一个设备）</div><div></div><div>1�Q��? 软盘</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>讑֤�文�g是： �Q�dev/fdx</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>主设备号fd �?floppydisk的羃写，x指代�~�号。如 /dev/fd0表示�W�一个��Y盘驱动器</div><div></div><div>1�Q��? U�?/div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>U盘被识别�?SCSI讑֤��?/div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>讑֤�文�g是：/dev/sdax</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>主设备号 sd 表示 SCSI disk�Q�a表示�W�一块SCSI讑֤�。x表示SCSI讑֤�上相应的分区�~�号</div><div></div><div>1�Q��? 光盘</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>讑֤�文�g是：/dev/hda</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>许多Linux发行版本�Q�有/dev/cdrom讑֤�文�g�Q�它是一个指向光��q���W�号链接</div><div></div><div>1�Q��? ���带</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>讑֤�文�g是：/dev/st1</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	</span>主设备号st 代表 &#8220;SCSI tape&#8221;</div><div><span style="white-space:pre">	<br /><br />2)常见文�g�c�d��<br />msdos&nbsp;</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="white-space: pre;">- DOS文�g�c�d��</span></div><div><span style="white-space:pre">vfat &nbsp;</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="white-space: pre;">- windows文�g�c�d��</span></div><div><span style="white-space:pre">iso9660 </span>&nbsp; - 光盘格式文�g�c�d��<br /><span style="white-space:pre">ext2/ext3</span>&nbsp;- Linux下文件类�?br /><br /><span style="white-space:pre">3�Q�设备的挂蝲<br /></span>&nbsp; &nbsp; 命��o�?mount �Q�格式是�Q?br />&nbsp; &nbsp; mount -t 文�g�c�d���pȝ�� 讑֤��?挂蝲目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 目录/mnt专门用做挂蝲�?br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 注意�Q�mount挂蝲的是软盘�Q�光盘和U盘，而不是��Y驱，光驱。所以换另一张盘�Ӟ��需要先卸蝲�Q�然后重新挂载光�?br /><br /><span style="white-space:pre">3�Q��? 挂蝲软盘<br /></span>&nbsp; &nbsp; 命��o�Q�mount -t msdoc /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy<br /><span style="white-space:pre">3�Q��? 挂蝲U�?br /></span>&nbsp; &nbsp; 命��o�Q�mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/usb<br /><span style="white-space:pre">3�Q��? 挂蝲光盘<br /></span>&nbsp; &nbsp; 命��o�Q�mount -t iso9660 /dev/hda /mnt/cdrom &nbsp;<span style="white-space:pre">或�?mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom<br /><br />�Q�）讑֤�的卸�?br /></span>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="white-space:pre">命��o: umount 挂蝲目录<br /><br /><br /><br />3.3 文�g�pȝ���l�构介绍<br /></span>�Q?3.1 目录�l�构<br />�Q�）�l�典树�Ş目录<br /><div>root/</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; dev</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; bin</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; opt</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; root</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; home</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; proc</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; lib</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; sbin</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; usr</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; tmp</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; var</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; boot</div><div>&#9500;&#9472;&#9472; mnt</div><span style="white-space:pre"><br />�Q�）目录功能介绍<br />很多Linux发行版目录结构都遵��@�Q�Ｓ�Q�I���Q�Ｄ标准�Q�这一标准的特�Ҏ��根目录非常简�z�，只包含系�l�最基本的文件�?br /><br />�Q�）。１　/etc 目录<br />主要用于存放�pȝ�����理的配�|�文件以及子目录。相关的�|�络配置文�g和启动文件也存放在这个目录�?br />passwd</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="white-space: pre;">用户库文�Ӟ��每个用户的用户名,UID,GID和工作目录等都在此文件中<br /></span></div><div><span style="white-space:pre">shadow</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 存放用户口��o的文�?口��o加密�?<br /><span style="white-space:pre">group</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;存储用户�l�信�?br /><span style="white-space:pre"><a  target="_blank" style="color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;">fstab</a></span>&nbsp; &nbsp;　 &nbsp; &nbsp;�pȝ��开�����动挂载分区列表，需要设�|�开�����动挂载的分区�Q�都可以在此文�g中加�?br /><span style="white-space:pre">inittab</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;init命��o的配�|�文�Ӟ��用于整个�pȝ��的初始化配置<br /><span style="white-space:pre">hosts</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;讑֮�自己的ﾃ�Q�C��名字的对应表�Q�类似windows的hosts<br /><span style="white-space:pre">resolv.conf</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;客户端Ｄ�Q�Ｓ配置文�g<br /><span style="white-space:pre">init.d</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 此目录包含所有服务启动脚本，开机由�pȝ��自动启动�q�些服务<br /><span style="white-space:pre">sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 IP地址配置文�g<br />X11 </span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; X-Window的配�|�文�?br /><span style="white-space:pre">syslog.conf</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;�pȝ��日志输出配置文�g<br />crontab &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; �pȝ���U�别的守护进�E�配�|�文�?br />sysctl.conf &nbsp; �pȝ��内核参数配置文�g<br />services &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;定义了系�l�服务和端口的对应关�p?br />profile &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; �pȝ��全局环境变量配置文�g&nbsp;<br /><br /><span style="white-space:pre">�Q?/usr　目录<br /></span>&nbsp; &nbsp; 主要用于存放应用�E�序和文件。系�l�安装时选择的��Y件包默认安装此目录。通常我们自己安装的��Y件包默认情况下也安装在这。目录一般比较大<br /><span style="white-space:pre">src</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 包含所有程序的源代码。其中主要是　Linux　核心�E�序源代�?br /><span style="white-space:pre">Local </span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;该目录存放本地安装的软�g和其它文�Ӟ��与Linux�pȝ��无关<br /><span style="white-space:pre">bin及local/bin&nbsp;</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="white-space: pre;">使用者可执行的二�q�制文�g目录</span></div><div><span style="white-space:pre">lib及local/lib</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;�pȝ��使用的函数库目录<br />sbin及local/sbin &nbsp; �pȝ�����理员才能执行的命��o<br />include &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;此目录包含了�Q�语�a�的头文�g�Q�文件扩展名大多�?h<br />share &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;存放�׃�n的文件和数据�?br /><br /><br />3) /var目录<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;存放�pȝ���q�行及��Y件运行的日志信息<br />log &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;存放各应用日志，�l�常变动�Q�需定期清理<br />lib &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;存放�q�行旉���要改变的库文�?br />spool &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;mail,打印�����坊输入输出的�~�冲目录<br />tmp &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;允许�?tmp存放更大的文�?br />lock &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 存放被锁定的文�g�Q�锁文�g�Q?br />local &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;存放/usr/local中安装程序的可变数据<br />account &nbsp; &nbsp;存放已经格式化的man��?br />run &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;包含下次�pȝ��启动前的�pȝ��信息<br /><br />�Q? /dev目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 包含�pȝ��所有的讑֤�文�g<br />fd* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;软盘<br />autio* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 声卡<br />hd* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;IDE���盘<br />sd* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;SCSI<br />lp* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;�q�行串口<br />pty* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; �|�络中登陆的�q�程�l�端<br />ram* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 内存<br />tty* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 字符控制�?br />ttys* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;串行端口�Q�类��g��windows下的com端口<br />console &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桌面控制�?br />null &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; �I�����?nbsp;<br /><br />5) /proc 目录<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是一个虚拟目录，目录所有信息都是内存的映射<br />cpuinfo &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; cup信息<br />meminfo &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 内存信息<br />filesystems &nbsp; &nbsp; 目前�pȝ��支持的文件类�?br />devices &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 内核中设备驱动程序列�?br />net &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; �|�络使用协议及状态信�?br />dma &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 目前使用的dma通道<br />ioports &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 当前使用的ﾃ�Q�端�?br />modules &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 当前�pȝ��加蝲的内核模块信�?br />stat &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;�pȝ��的各�U�状态信�?br />uptime &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;�pȝ���ȝ��启动旉���和空闲时��_��以s为单�?br />version &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 内核版本信息<br />loadavg &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; �pȝ���q�_��负蝲<br />kcore &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; �pȝ��物理内存的映像与物理内存一样大��?br />kmsg &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;内核输出信息<br /><br />�Q?其它目录<br /><br />/boot 目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 存放Linux 的一些核心文�Ӟ��如果被破坏，�pȝ�����无法启动�?br />/bin 目录和　/sbin 目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 存放可执行的二进制文件。sbin　中的s �?super user的意思�?br />/home目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; �pȝ��中每个用��L��工作目录<br />/lib目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 存放�׃�n�E�序库和映像文�g�?br />/root目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 是root用户的默认主目录&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />/mnt目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 是外在设备的挂蝲点目�?br />/lost+found目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 用于保存丢失的文�?br />/tmp目录<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 临时文�g目录<br /><br /><br />3.3.2　�pȝ��核心�l�成<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 一个完整的Linux内核一般由�Q�个部分�l�成�?br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 内存���理�Q�进行管理，�q�程间通信�Q�虚拟文件系�l�，�|�络接口�?br /><br />3.4 �q�行机制介绍<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />3.4.1　�pȝ���q�行�U?br />&nbsp; &nbsp; init�E�序�Q�是Linux操作�pȝ��最主要的程序之一。是一个由�pȝ��内核启动的用��L�q�程�Q�同时也是其它进�E�的���先。是�pȝ���q�行的第一个进�E�，它的�q�行号始�l�是�Q?br />&nbsp; &nbsp; 共有7个运行���Q�均在　/etc/inittab 文�g中指�?br />�Q?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;��x��模式<br />�Q?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;单用��h��式，只有���理员可以登�?br />�Q?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;多用��h��式，不支持文件共享，例如不支持NFS服务�Q�这�U�模式不常用<br />�Q?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;完全的多用户模式�Q�支持NFS服务�Q�这是最常用的用��h��式，默认��d��到系�l�的字条界面<br />�Q?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;基本不用的用��h���?br />�Q?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;完全的多用户模式�Q�默认登陆到囑�Ş界面<br />�Q?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;重启模式<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;�q�些�q�行�U�与init�E�序相对应。例如执�?init 1 �Q�系�l�就�q�入单用��h��式，执行　init 6　�pȝ�����重启�?br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />3.4.2　�pȝ��启动�q�程<br />1) 内核引导<br />2) �q�行init<br />3) �pȝ��初始�?br />4) 启动�q�行�U�的守护�q�程<br />5) 建立�l�端<br />6) ��d���pȝ��<br /><br />3.4.3 �pȝ����x���q�程<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div><span style="white-space:pre"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></div><div></div><img src ="http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/aggbug/401724.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/" target="_blank">liwei485</a> 2013-07-18 21:46 <a href="http://www.aygfsteel.com/weiwei/articles/401724.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item></channel></rss>                                                                                               <footer>
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