??xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>亚洲成a人片综合在线,国模一区二区三区白浆,caoporn国产精品http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/category/1807.html物格而后知致zh-cnWed, 28 Feb 2007 03:34:12 GMTWed, 28 Feb 2007 03:34:12 GMT60载L同步http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6975.htmlweidagang2046weidagang2046Fri, 01 Jul 2005 02:06:00 GMThttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6975.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/6975.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6975.html#Feedback0http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/commentRss/6975.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/services/trackbacks/6975.html
转自Q?A >http://www.mvista.com.cn/svu-www/index4/index4-9.htm

weidagang2046 2005-07-01 10:06 发表评论
]]>
虚拟电\http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6939.htmlweidagang2046weidagang2046Thu, 30 Jun 2005 05:43:00 GMThttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6939.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/6939.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6939.html#Feedback0http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/commentRss/6939.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/services/trackbacks/6939.html  虚电路是指位于两台网l设备之间的q接Q是?OSI |络层ؓ发送和接收数据而徏立的逻辑通信路径。具有虚电\性能的网l包?X.25 q接、中以及 ATM |络?/P>

  虚电路分ZU:一U永久虚电\QPVCQ;另一Uؓ交换虚电路(SVCQ?/P>

  怹虚电路(PVCQ是指通信双方的电路在用户看来是永久连接的虚电路。PVC q预先定义。PVC 适用于通过路由器维持恒定连接,从而便于在动态网l环境下传输路由选择信息的电路。蝲波信号ؓ各用户分?PVCQ从而降低网l开销q提高网l性能?/P>

  交换虚电路(SVCQ是指通信双方的电路在用户看来是由独立节点临时且动态连接的虚电路。一旦通信会话完成Q便取消虚电路?

转自Q?A >http://www.networkdictionary.com/chinese/networking/VirtualCircuits.php



weidagang2046 2005-06-30 13:43 发表评论
]]>
帧中l技术及其应?/title><link>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6918.html</link><dc:creator>weidagang2046</dc:creator><author>weidagang2046</author><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2005 02:23:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6918.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/6918.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6918.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/commentRss/6918.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/services/trackbacks/6918.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[<P align=justify><FONT size=2><FONT face=Simsun>    <FONT color=#804040>帧中l是八十q代初发展v来的一U数据通信技术,其英文名为Frame RelayQ简UFR。它是从X.25分组通信技术演变而来的。什么是帧中l? 它有什么优? 用中来干什?本文就q些问题作简单的介绍?/FONT></FONT></FONT></P><B> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#bf0060 size=4>一、数据通信技术发展演变的q程</FONT></B></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun>  <FONT color=#804040>数据通信的目的就是要完成计算Z间、计机与各U数据终端之间的信息传递。ؓ了实现数据通信Q必进行数据传输,卛_位于一地的数据源发出的数据信息通过数据通信|络送到另一地的数据接收讑֤。被传递的数据信息的类型是多种多样的,其典型的应用有文件传送、电子信、可视图文、文件检索、远E医疗诊断等。数据通信|交换技术历l了电\方式、分l方式、方式、信元方式等阶段?/FONT></FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>  电\方式是从一点到另一点传送信息且固定占用电\带宽资源的方式,例如专线DDN数据通信。由于预先的固定资源分配Q不在q条电\上实际有无数据传输,电\一直被占着。分l方式是传送的信息划分Z定长度的包,UCؓ分组Q以分组为单位进行存储{发。在分组交换|中Q一条实际的电\上能够传输许多对用户l端间的数据而不互相hQ因为每个分l中含有区分不同L、终点的~号Q称为逻辑信道受分l方式对电\带宽采用了动态复用技术,效率明显提高。ؓ了保证分l的可靠传输Q防止分l在传输和交换过E中的丢失、错发、漏发、出错,分组通信制定了一套严密的Q较为繁琐的通信协议Q例如:在分l网与用戯备间的X.25规程pvC上述作用Q因此h们又U分l网为“X.25|”。方式实质上也是分l通信的一UŞ式,只不q它X.25分组|中分组交换Z间的恢复差错Q防止拥塞的处理q程q行了简化。方式的典型技术就是中。由于传输技术的发展Q数据传输误码率大大降低Q分l通信的差错恢复机制显得过于繁琐,帧中l将分组通信的三层协议简化ؓ两层Q大大羃短了处理旉Q提高了效率。中|内部的U错功能很大一部分都交qL端设备来完成?/FONT></P><B><FONT size=4> <P align=justify></FONT><FONT face=Simsun color=#bf0060 size=4>二、中技术简?/FONT></B></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun>  <FONT color=#804040>我们可以中技术归Uؓ以下几点Q?/FONT></FONT></P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>1) 帧中l技术主要用于传递数据业务,它用一l规E将数据信息以的Ş?U中协议)有效地进行传送。它是广域网通信的一U方式?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>2) 帧中l所使用的是逻辑q接Q而不是物理连接,在一个物理连接上可复用多个逻辑q接Q即可徏立多条逻辑信道Q,可实现带宽的复用和动态分配?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>3) 帧中l协议是对X.25协议的简化,因此处理效率很高Q网l吞吐量高,通信时g低,帧中l用L接入速率?4kbit/s?Mbit/sQ甚臛_辑ֈ34Mbit/s?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>4) 帧中l的帧信息长度远比X.25分组长度要长Q最大长度可达1600字节/帧,适合于封装局域网的数据单元,适合传送突发业?如压~视频业务、WWW业务{??/FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>帧中l通信如图1所C?<BR></FONT><FONT face=宋体 size=4></P></FONT> <DIV align=center> <CENTER> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=600 border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD align=middle width="100%"><IMG height=149 alt="p1.gif (3527 bytes)" src="http://www.sta.net.cn/article/frame/p1.gif" width=406></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></CENTER></DIV> <P align=justify><FONT face=宋体 color=#804040>    ?中,LAN1和LAN2代表两个要通过帧中l网l互联的局域网。\由器或FRAD(帧中l拆装设?的作用是局域网 1的(如以太网帧、o牌环帧等)装打包成FR的Q送入FR|络q行传送。FR路由?或FRAD2从FR|络接收到的帧中l解包Qƈ转换Z太网帧送给局域网2。FR路由?FRAD与FR|络间的接口UCؓ帧中l用P|络接口Q即FR-UNI接口(User-Network Interface)。网l内部交换机与交换机之间、或一个FR|络与另外一个FR|络之间的接口称为FR-NNI(Network-Network Interface)Q即|络Q网l接口。以上两个接口的标准协议由ITU-T(国际电信联盟)、FR Forum(帧中l论?、ANSI(国国家标准委员?{组l确定?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>    帧中l网l是p多中交换机通过中电\q接l成。目前,加拿大北c新桥,国朗讯、FORE{公叔R能提供各U容量的帧中l交换机?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>    一般来_FR路由器(或FRADQ是攑֜d域网相近的地方,路由器可以通过专线电\接到电信局的交换机。用户只要购C个带帧中l封装功能的路由器(一般的路由器都支持Q,再申请一条接到电信局帧中l交换机的DDN专线电\或HDSL专线电\Q就具备开通长途中电\的条件?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>    需要特别介l的是中的带宽控制技术,q是帧中l技术的特点和优点之一。在传统的数据通信业务中,特别象DDNQ用户预定了一?4K的电路,那么它只能以64Kbit/s的速率来传送数据。而在帧中l技术中Q用户向帧中l业务供应商预定的是U定信息速率(UCIR)Q而实际用过E中用户可以以高于CIR的速率发送数据,却不必承担额外的费用。D例来_一个用户预定了CIR=64Kbit/s的中电\Qƈ且与供应商鉴定了另外两个指标QBc(承诺H发?、Be (过的突发量)Q当用户以等于或低于64Kbit/s的速率发送数据时Q网l定负责地传送,当用户以大于64Kbit/s的速率发送数据时Q只要网l有I?不拥?Q且用户在一定时?Tc)内的发送的量(H发量)于Bc+BeӞ|络q会传送,当突发量大于Bc+BeӞ|络丢弃。所以中用户虽然付了64Kbit/s的信息速率?收费依CIR来定)Q却可以传送高?4Kbit/s的数据,q是帧中l吸引用L主要原因之一?/FONT></P><B><FONT size=4> <P align=justify></FONT><FONT face=Simsun color=#bf0060 size=4>三、中的应?/FONT></B></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun>  <FONT color=#804040>帧中l技术首先在国和欧z得到应用?991q末Q美国第一个中|-Wilpac|投入运行,它覆盖全?1个城市。在北欧Q芬兰、丹麦、瑞典、挪威等?0q代初联合徏立了北欧帧中l网WORDFRAMEQ?amp;127;以后英国{许多欧z国家也开始了帧中l网的徏讑֒q行。在我国Q中国国家中骨干|于九七q初初步建成Q目前能覆盖大部分省会城市。至98q各省中|也相建成。上L前已能提供国内、国际的帧中l业务?/FONT></FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>  原邮电部?997q?2月颁布了国家帧中l骨q网试运行期间的指导性的收费标准。徏议的收费标准是按CIR值收取费用,其费用是相同DDN专线带宽收费?0%。例如如果用户原来租用一?4Kbit/s的DDN电\Q每月需?000元,现在如果U用一条CIR=64Kbit/s的中电\Q只要付1200元,而且q能以高?4Kbit/s的速率发送信息,真是获得了高质廉L服务。目前许多公司已l或正在考虑甌帧中l电路,其市场前景是qK的?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>    中国电信Z推广帧中l业务,?7q?2月专门赞助主办了中国北京、上日本、东京、名古屋四城市间的网l围赛Q通过帧中l来传送四地棋手的zd画面(速率384Kbit/s)Q四Ҏ手虽然各处一方,但各位棋手的英容W貌彼此却能相见Q这是用帧中l技术实现活动图象时实传送的很好的应用例子?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>    目前的\由器都支持中协议Q中上可承蝲行的IP业务QIP加中已经成了q域|应用的l佳选择。近q来Q中上的话音传输技术(VOFRQ也不断发展Q可以预见在不久的将来,“中电话”将被越来越多的企业所采用?/FONT></P> <P align=justify><FONT face=Simsun color=#804040>    随着多媒体业务的发展Q随着IP技术的发展Q作为数据通信基础|络技术的帧中l技术将来多的被应用Q其发展前景无限?BR><BR>转自Q?A >http://www.sta.net.cn/article/frame/frame.htm</A></FONT></P><img src ="http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/aggbug/6918.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/" target="_blank">weidagang2046</a> 2005-06-30 10:23 <a href="http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6918.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>Spectrum Efficiencyhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6529.htmlweidagang2046weidagang2046Wed, 22 Jun 2005 05:07:00 GMThttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6529.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/6529.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6529.html#Feedback0http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/commentRss/6529.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/services/trackbacks/6529.htmlI understand the need and desire for rohc in cellular systems as this is where the majority of the near-term use and revenue will come from.  I am interested in seeing the developments be useful for both aeronautic and space-based networks if possible.  That is, I believe we should attempt to ensure that the compression techniques can be utilized other communications networks as well as for cellular.  I believe this is already stated in the charter. 

I would like the group to reconsider the definition of spectrum efficiency in draft-ietf-rohc-rtp-01.txt and whatever other drafts may use this definition.  I believe this definition is overly cellular specific and somewhat inaccurate.

?Spectrum efficiency

    Radio resources are limited and expensive. Therefore they must be
    used efficiently to make the system economically feasible. In
    cellular systems this is achieved by maximizing the number of users
    served within each cell, while the quality of the provided services
    is kept at an acceptable level. A consequence of efficient spectrum
    use is a high rate of errors (frame loss and residual bit errors),
    even after channel coding with error correction.?

I suggest the following:

Spectrum Utilization (Cellular)

    Radio resources are limited and expensive. Therefore they must be
    used efficiently to make the system economically feasible. In
    cellular systems this is achieved by maximizing the number of users
    served within each cell, while the quality of the provided services
    is kept at an acceptable level.


I suggest removing the following statement, as I believe this is more a statement of the way cellular system maximize the revenue producing aspects of spectral utilization.

    ?A consequence of efficient spectrum
    use is a high rate of errors (frame loss and residual bit errors),
    even after channel coding with error correction.?


I believe this may be a better definition for spectrum efficiency:

Spectrum efficiency

The amount of useful information that can be transmitted over a given spectrum (bandwidth) over a given period of time.  For modem designers, spectrum efficiency is defined as the amount of bits per second per bandwidth.  For packet communications systems, bandwidth efficiency can be defined as the amount of useful user packet transmitted per second per bandwidth  excluding overhead.  The difference being that one can have a network with good spectral efficiency at layer at two that results in a poor spectral efficiency when considering layer three.  For a given BER, burst errors are more desirable than a binomial distribution of errors when considering packet communications.



Will Ivancic


from: http://www1.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/rohc/old-archive/msg00579.html



weidagang2046 2005-06-22 13:07 发表评论
]]>
What is General Packet Radio Service?http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6523.htmlweidagang2046weidagang2046Wed, 22 Jun 2005 03:43:00 GMThttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6523.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/6523.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/articles/6523.html#Feedback0http://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/comments/commentRss/6523.htmlhttp://www.aygfsteel.com/weidagang2046/services/trackbacks/6523.html阅读全文

weidagang2046 2005-06-22 11:43 发表评论
]]>
վ֩ģ壺 ̨| | Դ| | | ½| ͼ| ʼ| | ʡ| | | | | | | | Դ| ɶ| Ϫ| ͨ| | Զ| | | ľ| н| ɽ| | ݶ| | | Ƽ| ϲ| ͩ| | | | ̳| | Ѿ|