1?????????? 泛型(Generic)
1.1????????? 說明
增強了java的類型安全,可以在編譯期間對容器內的對象進行類型檢查,在運行期不必進行類型的轉換。而在j2se5之前必須在運行期動態進行容器內對象的檢查及轉換
減少含糊的容器,可以定義什么類型的數據放入容器
ArrayList<Integer> listOfIntegers; // <TYPE_NAME> is new to the syntax
Integer integerObject;
listOfIntegers = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // <TYPE_NAME> is new to the syntax
listOfIntegers.add(new Integer(10)); // 只能是Integer類型
integerObject = listOfIntegers.get(0); // 取出對象不需要轉換
1.2????????? 用法
聲明及實例化泛型類:
HashMap<String,Float> hm = new HashMap<String,Float>();
//不能使用原始類型
GenList<int> nList = new GenList<int>();? //編譯錯誤
J2SE 5.0目前不支持原始類型作為類型參數(type parameter)
定義泛型接口:
public interface GenInterface<T> {
??? void func(T t);
}
定義泛型類:
public class ArrayList<ItemType> { ... }
public class GenMap<T, V> { ... }
例1:
public class MyList<Element> extends LinkedList<Element>
{
?????? public void swap(int i, int j)
?????? {
????????????? Element temp = this.get(i);
????????????? this.set(i, this.get(j));
????????????? this.set(j, temp);
?????? }
??????
?????? public static void main(String[] args)
?????? {
????????????? MyList<String> list = new MyList<String>();
????????????? list.add("hi");
????????????? list.add("andy");
????????????? System.out.println(list.get(0) + " " + list.get(1));
????????????? list.swap(0,1);
????????????? System.out.println(list.get(0) + " " + list.get(1));
?????? }
}
例2:
public class GenList <T>{
?????? private T[] elements;
?????? private int size = 0;
?????? private int length = 0;
?????? public GenList(int size) {
????????????? elements = (T[])new Object[size];
????????????? this.size = size;
?????? }
?????? public T get(int i) {
????????????? if (i < length) {
???????????????????? return elements[i];
????????????? }
????????????? return null;
?????? }
??????
?????? public void add(T e) {
????????????? if (length < size - 1)
???????????????????? elements[length++] = e;
?????? }
}
泛型方法:
public class TestGenerics{
?????? public <T> String getString(T obj) { //實現了一個泛型方法
????????????? return obj.toString();
?????? }
??????
?????? public static void main(String [] args){
????????????? TestGenerics t = new TestGenerics();
????????????? String s = "Hello";
????????????? Integer i = 100;
????????????? System.out.println(t.getString(s));
????????????? System.out.println(t.getString(i));
????????????? }
}
1.3????????? 受限泛型
受限泛型是指類型參數的取值范圍是受到限制的. extends關鍵字不僅僅可以用來聲明類的繼承關系, 也可以用來聲明類型參數(type parameter)的受限關系.例如, 我們只需要一個存放數字的列表, 包括整數(Long, Integer, Short), 實數(Double, Float), 不能用來存放其他類型, 例如字符串(String), 也就是說, 要把類型參數T的取值泛型限制在Number極其子類中.在這種情況下, 我們就可以使用extends關鍵字把類型參數(type parameter)限制為數字
示例
public class Limited<T extends Number> {
?????? public static void main(String[] args) {
????????????? Limited<Integer> number;?? //正確
????????????? Limited<String> str;?????? //編譯錯誤
?????? }
}
1.4????????? 泛型與異常
類型參數在catch塊中不允許出現,但是能用在方法的throws之后。例:
import java.io.*;
interface Executor<E extends Exception> {
?????? void execute() throws E;
}
public class GenericExceptionTest {
?????? public static void main(String args[]) {
????????????? try {
???????????????????? Executor<IOException> e = new Executor<IOException>() {
??????????????????????????? public void execute() throws IOException{
?????????????????????????????????? // code here that may throw an
?????????????????????????????????? // IOException or a subtype of
?????????????????????????????????? // IOException
??????????????????????????? }
??????????????????????????? };
???????????????????? e.execute();
????????????? } catch(IOException ioe) {
???????????????????? System.out.println("IOException: " + ioe);
???????????????????? ioe.printStackTrace();
????????????? }
?????? }
}
1.5????????? 泛型的通配符"?"
"?"可以用來代替任何類型, 例如使用通配符來實現print方法。
public static void print(GenList<?> list) {})
1.6????????? 泛型的一些局限型
不能實例化泛型
T t = new T(); //error
不能實例化泛型類型的數組
T[] ts= new T[10];?? //編譯錯誤
不能實例化泛型參數數
Pair<String>[] table = new Pair<String>(10); // ERROR
類的靜態變量不能聲明為類型參數類型
public class GenClass<T> {
???? private static T t;??? //編譯錯誤
}
泛型類不能繼承自Throwable以及其子類
public GenExpection<T> extends Exception{}??? //編譯錯誤
不能用于基礎類型int等
Pair<double> //error
Pair<Double> //right
2?????????? 增強循環(Enhanced for Loop)
舊的循環
LinkedList list = new LinkedList();?????????????
list.add("Hi");
list.add("everyone!");
list.add("Was");
list.add("the");
list.add("pizza");
list.add("good?");??????????
for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)
?????? System.out.println((String) list.get(i));
//或者用以下循環
//for(Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
//Integer stringObject = (String)iter.next();
// ... more statements to use stringObject...
//}
新的循環
LinkedList<String> list = new LinkedList<String>();?????????
list.add("Hi");
list.add("everyone!");
list.add("Was");
list.add("the");
list.add("pizza");
list.add("good?");??????????
for (String s : list)
?????? System.out.println(s);
很清晰、方便,一看便知其用法
3?????????? 可變參數(Variable Arguments)
實現了更靈活的方法參數傳入方式,System.out.printf是個很好的例子
用法:void test(Object … args)
一個很容易理解的例子
public static int add(int ... args){
?????? int total = 0;???
?????? for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
????????????? total += args[i];?????
?????? return total;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
?????? int a;
?????? a = Varargs.add(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
?????? System.out.println(a);
}
4?????????? 自動實現裝箱和解箱操作(Boxing/Unboxing Conversions)
說明:實現了基本類型與外覆類之間的隱式轉換。基本類型至外覆類的轉換稱為裝箱,外覆類至基本類型的轉換為解箱。這些類包括
Primitive Type ????Reference Type
boolean ??????????Boolean
byte ?????????????Byte
char ?????????????Character
short ????????????Short
int ??????????????Integer
long ?????????????Long
float ?????????????Float
double ???????????Double
例如,舊的實現方式
Integer intObject;
int intPrimitive;
ArrayList arrayList = new ArrayList();
intPrimitive = 11;
intObject = new Integer(intPrimitive);
arrayList.put(intObject); // 不能放入int類型,只能使Integer
新的實現方式
int intPrimitive;
ArrayList arrayList = new ArrayList();
intPrimitive = 11;
//在這里intPrimitive被自動的轉換為Integer類型
arrayList.put(intPrimitive);
5?????????? 靜態導入(Static Imports)
很簡單的東西,看一個例子:
沒有靜態導入
Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2));
有了靜態導入
import static java.lang.Math.*;
sqrt(pow(x, 2) + pow(y, 2));
其中import static java.lang.Math.*;就是靜態導入的語法,它的意思是導入Math類中的所有static方法和屬性。這樣我們在使用這些方法和屬性時就不必寫類名。
需要注意的是默認包無法用靜態導入,另外如果導入的類中有重復的方法和屬性則需要寫出類名,否則編譯時無法通過。
6????????? 枚舉類(Enumeration Classes)
用法:public enum Name {types, ….}
簡單的例子:
public enum Colors {Red, Yellow, Blue, Orange, Green, Purple, Brown, Black}
public static void main(String[] args){
??? Colors myColor = Colors.Red;
??? System.out.println(myColor);
}
又一個簡單例子:
import java.util.*;
enum OperatingSystems {windows, unix, linux, macintosh}
public class EnumExample1 {
??? public static void main(String args[])? {
??????? OperatingSystems os;
??????? os = OperatingSystems.windows;
??????? switch(os) {
??????????? case windows:
??????????????? System.out.println(“You chose Windows!”);
??????????????? break;
??????????? case unix:
??????????????? System.out.println(“You chose Unix!”);
??????????????? break;
??????????? case linux:
??? ??????????? System.out.println(“You chose Linux!”);
??????????????? break;
??????????? case macintosh:
??????????????? System.out.println(“You chose Macintosh!”);
??????????????? break;
??????????? default:
??????????????? System.out.println(“I don’t know your OS.”);
??????????????? break;
??????? }
??? }
}
應運enum簡寫的例子:
import java.util.*;
public class EnumTest
{
?? public static void main(String[] args)
?? {
????? Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
????? System.out.print("Enter a size: (SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRA_LARGE) ");
????? String input = in.next().toUpperCase();
????? Size size = Enum.valueOf(Size.class, input);
????? System.out.println("size=" + size);
????? System.out.println("abbreviation=" + size.getAbbreviation());
????? if (size == Size.EXTRA_LARGE)
???????? System.out.println("Good job--you paid attention to the _.");
?? }
}
enum Size
{
?? SMALL("S"), MEDIUM("M"), LARGE("L"), EXTRA_LARGE("XL");
?? private Size(String abbreviation) { this.abbreviation = abbreviation; }
?? public String getAbbreviation() { return abbreviation; }
?? private String abbreviation;
}
enum類中擁有方法的一個例子:
enum ProgramFlags {
??? showErrors(0x01),
??? includeFileOutput(0x02),
??? useAlternateProcessor(0x04);
??? private int bit;
??? ProgramFlags(int bitNumber){
??????? bit = bitNumber;
??? }
??? public int getBitNumber()?? {
??????? return(bit);
??? }
}
public class EnumBitmapExample {
??? public static void main(String args[])? {
??????? ProgramFlags flag = ProgramFlags.showErrors;
??????? System.out.println(“Flag selected is: “ +
??????? flag.ordinal() +
??????? “ which is “ +
??????? flag.name());
??? }
}
7????????? 元數據(Meta data)
請參考
http://www-900.ibm.com/developerWorks/cn/java/j-annotate1/
http://www-900.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-annotate2.shtml
8????????? Building Strings(StringBuilder類)
在JDK5.0中引入了StringBuilder類,該類的方法不是同步(synchronized)的,這使得它比StringBuffer更加輕量級和有效。
9????????? 控制臺輸入(Console Input)
在JDK5.0之前我們只能通過JOptionPane.showInputDialog進行輸入,但在5.0中我們可以通過類Scanner在控制臺進行輸入操作
??? 例如在1.4中的輸入
??? String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(prompt);
int n = Integer.parseInt(input);
double x = Double.parseDouble(input);
s = input;
在5.0中我們可以
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(prompt);
int n = in.nextInt();
double x = in.nextDouble();
String s = in.nextLine();
10????? Covariant Return Types(不曉得怎么翻譯,大概是 改變返回類型)
JDK5之前我們覆蓋一個方法時我們無法改變被方法的返回類型,但在JDK5中我們可以改變它
例如1.4中我們只能
public Object clone() { ... }
...
Employee cloned = (Employee) e.clone();
但是在5.0中我們可以改變返回類型為Employee
public Employee clone() { ... }
...
Employee cloned = e.clone();
11????? 格式化I/O(Formatted I/O)
增加了類似C的格式化輸入輸出,簡單的例子:
public class TestFormat{
??? public static void main(String[] args){
??????? int a = 150000, b = 10;
??????? float c =
???????
??????? System.out.printf("%4d %4d%n", a, b);
??????? System.out.printf("%x %x%n", a, b);
??????? System.out.printf("%
??????? System.out.printf("%1.3e %1.3e%n", c, d*100);
??? }
}
輸出結果為:
150000?? 10
5.01 3.1
5.010e+00 3.140e+02
下面是一些格式化參數說明(摘自Core Java 2 Volume I - Fundamentals, Seventh Edition)
Table 3-5. Conversions for printf
Conversion Character | Type | Example |
d | Decimal integer | 159 |
x | ||
o | Octal integer | 237 |
f | Fixed-point floating-point | 15.9 |
e | Exponential floating-point | 1.59E+01 |
g | General floating-point (the shorter of e and f) | |
a | Hexadecimal floating point | 0x1.fccdp3 |
s | String | Hello |
c | Character | H |
b | Boolean | TRUE |
h | Hash code | 42628b2 |
tx | Date and time | |
% | The percent symbol | % |
n | The platform-dependent line separator |
Table 3-7. Date and Time Conversion Characters
Conversion Character | Type | Example |
C | Complete date and time | Mon Feb 09 18:05:19 PST 2004 |
F | ISO 8601 date | |
D | ||
T | 24-hour time | 18:05:19 |
r | 12-hour time | 06:05:19 pm |
R | 18:05 | |
Y | Four-digit year (with leading zeroes) | 2004 |
y | Last two digits of the year (with leading zeroes) | 04 |
C | First two digits of the year (with leading zeroes) | 20 |
B | Full month name | February |
b or h | Feb | |
m | Two-digit month (with leading zeroes) | 02 |
d | 09 | |
e | Two-digit day (without leading zeroes) | 9 |
A | Full weekday name | Monday |
a | Abbreviated weekday name | Mon |
j | Three-digit day of year (with leading zeroes), between 001 and 366 | 069 |
H | Two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 00 and 23 | 18 |
k | Two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 0 and 23 | 18 |
I | Two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 01 and 12 | 06 |
l | Two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 1 and 12 | 6 |
M | Two-digit minutes (with leading zeroes) | 05 |
S | Two-digit seconds (with leading zeroes) | 19 |
L | Three-digit milliseconds (with leading zeroes) | 047 |
N | Nine-digit nanoseconds (with leading zeroes) | 047000000 |
P | Uppercase morning or afternoon marker | PM |
p | Lowercase morning or afternoon marker | pm |
z | RFC 822 numeric offset from GMT | -0800 |
Z | Time zone | PST |
s | Seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT | 1078884319 |
E | 1078884319047 |
Table 3-6. Flags for printf
Flag | Purpose | Example |
+ | Prints sign for positive and negative numbers | +3333.33 |
space | Adds a space before positive numbers | | 3333.33| |
0 | Adds leading zeroes | 003333.33 |
- | Left-justifies field | |3333.33 | |
( | Encloses negative number in parentheses | (3333.33) |
, | Adds group separators | 3,333.33 |
# (for f format) | Always includes a decimal point | 3,333. |
# (for x or o format) | Adds 0x or 0 prefix | 0xcafe |
^ | Converts to upper case | 0XCAFE |
$ | Specifies the index of the argument to be formatted; for example, %1$d %1$x prints the first argument in decimal and hexadecimal | 159 |
< | Formats the same value as the previous specification; for example, %d %<x prints the same number in decimal and hexadecimal |
這里是一些簡單的介紹,更詳細的說明請參考:
Core Java 2 Volume I - Fundamentals, Seventh Edition
Core Java 2 Volume II - Advanced Features, Seventh Edition
轉載:http://dev.csdn.net/article/82/82281.shtm