36. 用UNION替換OR (適用于索引列)
通常情況下, 用UNION替換WHERE子句中的OR將會起到較好的效果. 對索引列使用OR將造成全表掃描. 注意, 以上規則只針對多個索引列有效. 如果有column沒有被索引, 查詢效率可能會因為你沒有選擇OR而降低.
在下面的例子中, LOC_ID 和REGION上都建有索引.
高效:
SELECT LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION
FROM LOCATION
WHERE LOC_ID = 10
UNION
SELECT LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION
FROM LOCATION
WHERE REGION = “MELBOURNE”
低效:
SELECT LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION
FROM LOCATION
WHERE LOC_ID = 10 OR REGION = “MELBOURNE”
如果你堅持要用OR, 那就需要返回記錄最少的索引列寫在最前面.
注意:
WHERE KEY1 = 10 (返回最少記錄)
OR KEY2 = 20 (返回最多記錄)
ORACLE 內部將以上轉換為
WHERE KEY1 = 10 AND
((NOT KEY1 = 10) AND KEY2 = 20)
譯者按:
下面的測試數據僅供參考: (a = 1003 返回一條記錄 , b = 1 返回1003條記錄)
SQL> select * from unionvsor /*1st test*/
2 where a = 1003 or b = 1;
1003 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE
1 0 CONCATENATION
2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR'
3 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UB' (NON-UNIQUE)
4 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR'
5 4 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UA' (NON-UNIQUE)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
144 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
63749 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
7751 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
68 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1003 rows processed
SQL> select * from unionvsor /*2nd test*/
2 where b = 1 or a = 1003 ;
1003 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE
1 0 CONCATENATION
2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR'
3 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UA' (NON-UNIQUE)
4 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR'
5 4 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UB' (NON-UNIQUE)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
143 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
63749 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
7751 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
68 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1003 rows processed
SQL> select * from unionvsor /*3rd test*/
2 where a = 1003
3 union
4 select * from unionvsor
5 where b = 1;
1003 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE
1 0 SORT (UNIQUE)
2 1 UNION-ALL
3 2 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR'
4 3 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UA' (NON-UNIQUE)
5 2 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR'
6 5 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UB' (NON-UNIQUE)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
10 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
63735 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
7751 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
68 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1003 rows processed
用UNION的效果可以從consistent gets和 SQL*NET的數據交換量的減少看出
37. 用IN來替換OR
下面的查詢可以被更有效率的語句替換:
低效:
SELECT….
FROM LOCATION
WHERE LOC_ID = 10
OR LOC_ID = 20
OR LOC_ID = 30
高效
SELECT…
FROM LOCATION
WHERE LOC_IN IN (10,20,30);
譯者按:
這是一條簡單易記的規則，但是實際的執行效果還須檢驗，在ORACLE8i下，兩者的執行路徑似乎是相同的．
38. 避免在索引列上使用IS NULL和IS NOT NULL
避免在索引中使用任何可以為空的列，ORACLE將無法使用該索引 ．對于單列索引，如果列包含空值，索引中將不存在此記錄. 對于復合索引，如果每個列都為空，索引中同樣不存在此記錄. 如果至少有一個列不為空，則記錄存在于索引中．
舉例:
如果唯一性索引建立在表的A列和B列上, 并且表中存在一條記錄的A,B值為(123,null) , ORACLE將不接受下一條具有相同A,B值（123,null）的記錄(插入). 然而如果
所有的索引列都為空，ORACLE將認為整個鍵值為空而空不等于空. 因此你可以插入1000
條具有相同鍵值的記錄,當然它們都是空!
因為空值不存在于索引列中,所以WHERE子句中對索引列進行空值比較將使ORACLE停用該索引.
舉例:
低效: (索引失效)
SELECT …
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE DEPT_CODE IS NOT NULL;
高效: (索引有效)
SELECT …
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE DEPT_CODE >=0;