1. 查看表空間的名稱及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;
2. 查看表空間物理文件的名稱及大小
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;
3. 查看回滾段名稱及大小
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name;
4. 查看控制文件
select name from v$controlfile;
5. 查看日志文件
select member from v$logfile;
6. 查看表空間的使用情況
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
7. 查看數(shù)據(jù)庫對象
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
8. 查看數(shù)據(jù)庫的版本
Select version FROM Product_component_version
Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
9. 查看數(shù)據(jù)庫的創(chuàng)建日期和歸檔方式
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
10. 捕捉運(yùn)行很久的SQL
column username format a12
column opname format a16
column progress format a8
select username,sid,opname,
round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,
time_remaining,sql_text
from v$session_longops , v$sql
where time_remaining <> 0
and sql_address = address
and sql_hash_value = hash_value
/
11. 查看數(shù)據(jù)表的參數(shù)信息
SELECT partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,
last_analyzed
FROM dba_tab_partitions
--WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
ORDER BY partition_position
12. 查看還沒提交的事務(wù)
select * from v$locked_object;
select * from v$transaction;
13. 查看object為哪些進(jìn)程所用
select
p.spid,
s.sid,
s.serial# serial_num,
s.username user_name,
a.type object_type,
s.osuser os_user_name,
a.owner,
a.object object_name,
decode(sign(48 - command),
1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.program oracle_process,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
s.status session_status
from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p
where s.paddr = p.addr and
s.type = 'USER' and
a.sid = s.sid and
a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
order by s.username, s.osuser
14. 回滾段查看
select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
15. 耗資源的進(jìn)程(top session)
select s.schemaname schema_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, status
session_status, s.osuser os_user_name, s.sid, p.spid , s.serial# serial_num,
nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name, s.terminal terminal,
s.program program, st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st, v$session s , v$process p
where st.sid = s.sid and st.statistic# = to_number('38') and ('ALL' = 'ALL'
or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
16. 查看鎖(lock)情況
select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name, ls.username user_name,
decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',
'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,
o.object_name object, decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,
'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)
lock_mode, o.owner, ls.sid, ls.serial# serial_num, ls.id1, ls.id2
from sys.dba_objects o, ( select s.osuser, s.username, l.type,
l.lmode, s.sid, s.serial#, l.id1, l.id2 from v$session s,
v$lock l where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and o.owner
<> 'SYS' order by o.owner, o.object_name
17. 查看等待(wait)情況
SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',
'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
18. 查看sga情況
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
19. 查看catched object
SELECT owner, name, db_link, namespace,
type, sharable_mem, loads, executions,
locks, pins, kept FROM v$db_object_cache
20. 查看V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
21. 查看object分類數(shù)量
select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,
'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3
, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select
'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
22. 按用戶查看object種類
select u.name schema, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,
sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables, sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
clusters, sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views, sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
NULL)) synonyms, sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
others from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u where o.type# >= 1 and u.user# =
o.owner# and u.name <> 'PUBLIC' group by u.name order by
sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
23. 有關(guān)connection的相關(guān)信息
1）查看有哪些用戶連接
select s.osuser os_user_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process,
status session_status, s.terminal terminal, s.program program,
s.username user_name, s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter, '' query,
0 memory, 0 max_memory, 0 cpu_usage, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num
from v$session s, v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and s.type = 'USER'
order by s.username, s.osuser
2）根據(jù)v.sid查看對應(yīng)連接的資源占用等情況
select n.name,
v.value,
n.class,
n.statistic#
from v$statname n,
v$sesstat v
where v.sid = 71 and
v.statistic# = n.statistic#
order by n.class, n.statistic#
3）根據(jù)sid查看對應(yīng)連接正在運(yùn)行的sql
select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
command_type,
sql_text,
sharable_mem,
persistent_mem,
runtime_mem,
sorts,
version_count,
loaded_versions,
open_versions,
users_opening,
executions,
users_executing,
loads,
first_load_time,
invalidations,
parse_calls,
disk_reads,
buffer_gets,
rows_processed,
sysdate start_time,
sysdate finish_time,
'>' || address sql_address,
'N' status
from v$sqlarea
where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
24. 查詢表空間使用情況
select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱",
100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)",
round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",
round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空閑(M)",
round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",
Largest "最大擴(kuò)展段(M)",
to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "采樣時(shí)間"
from (select f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes
from dba_data_files f
group by tablespace_name) a,
(select f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_free
from dba_free_space f
group by tablespace_name) b,
(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
ts.name tablespace_name
from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts
where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#
group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c
where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
25. 查詢表空間的碎片程度
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name
having count(tablespace_name)>10;
alter tablespace name coalesce;
alter table name deallocate unused;
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space
union all
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
select * from ts_blocks_v;
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
26. 查詢有哪些數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)例在運(yùn)行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;
27. 監(jiān)控共享游標(biāo)的使用
select sql_text,version_count,loads,invalidations,parse_calls,sorts from v$sqlarea
where parsing_user_id>0
and command_type=3
order by sql_text;
===========================================================
#########創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
create database db01
maxlogfiles 10
maxdatafiles 1024
maxinstances 2
logfile
GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,
undo tablespace UNDO
datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M
default temporary tablespace TEMP
tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M
extent management local uniform. size 128k
character set AL32UTE8
national character set AL16UTF16
set time_zone='America/New_York';
###############數(shù)據(jù)字典##########
set wrap off
select * from v$dba_users;
grant select on table_name to user/rule;
select * from user_tables;
select * from all_tables;
select * from dba_tables;
revoke dba from user_name;
shutdown immediate
startup nomount
select * from v$instance;
select * from v$sga;
select * from v$tablespace;
alter session set nls_language=american;
alter database mount;
select * from v$database;
alter database open;
desc dictionary
select * from dict;
desc v$fixed_table;
select * from v$fixed_table;
set oracle_sid=foxconn
select * from dba_objects;
set serveroutput on
execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
#############控制文件###########
select * from v$database;
select * from v$tablespace;
select * from v$logfile;
select * from v$log;
select * from v$backup;
/*備份用戶表空間*/
alter tablespace users begin backup;
select * from v$archived_log;
select * from v$controlfile;
alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;
cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
startup pfile='../initSID.ora'
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
show parameter control;
select * from v$controlfile_record_section;
select * from v$tempfile;
/*備份控制文件*/
alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/*備份控制文件，并將二進(jìn)制控制文件變?yōu)榱薬sc的文本文件*/
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
############### redo log ##############
archive log list;
alter system archive log start;--啟動(dòng)自動(dòng)存檔
alter system switch logfile;--強(qiáng)行進(jìn)行一次日志switch
alter system checkpoint;--強(qiáng)制進(jìn)行一次checkpoint
alter tablspace users begin backup;
alter tablespace offline;
/*checkpoint同步頻率參數(shù)FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步頻率越高，系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)所需時(shí)間越短*/
show parameter fast;
show parameter log_checkpoint;
/*加入一個(gè)日志組*/
alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);
/*加入日志組的一個(gè)成員*/
alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;
/*刪除日志組:當(dāng)前日志組不能刪；活動(dòng)的日志組不能刪；非歸檔的日志組不能刪*/
alter database drop logfile group 3;
/*刪除日志組中的某個(gè)成員，但每個(gè)組的最后一個(gè)成員不能被刪除*/
alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
/*清除在線日志*/
alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
alter database clear logfile group 3;
/*清除非歸檔日志*/
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;
/*重命名日志文件*/
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
show parameter db_create;
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
select * from v$log;
select * from v$logfile;
/*數(shù)據(jù)庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換,要啟動(dòng)到mount狀態(tài)下才能改變;startup mount;然后再打開數(shù)據(jù)庫.*/
alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;
achive log start;---啟動(dòng)自動(dòng)歸檔
alter system archive all;－－手工歸檔所有日志文件
select * from v$archived_log;
show parameter log_archive;
######分析日志文件logmnr ##############
1)在init.ora中set utl_file_dir參數(shù)
2)重新啟動(dòng)oracle
3) create目錄文件
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
dbms_logmnr_d.build;
4)加入日志文件add/remove log file
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
dbms_logmnr.removefile
5) start logmnr
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
6)分析出來的內(nèi)容查詢v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo
實(shí)踐：
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
/*對數(shù)據(jù)表做一些操作，為恢復(fù)操作做準(zhǔn)備*/
update表set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;
delete表where stor_id=7066;
/***********************************/
utl_file_dir的路徑
execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');
execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);
execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
######### tablespace ##############
select * form. v$tablespace;
select * from v$datafile;
/*表空間和數(shù)據(jù)文件的對應(yīng)關(guān)系*/
select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;
alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
/*限制用戶在某表空間的使用限額*/
alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;
create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];
exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline;
/*9i以后，oracle建議使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因?yàn)閘ocal采用bitmap管理表空間，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng)表空間的自愿爭用;*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;
/*在創(chuàng)建表空間時(shí)，設(shè)置表空間內(nèi)的段空間管理模式，這里用的是自動(dòng)管理*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m segment space management auto;
alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;
alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);
/*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */
create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local;
show parameter undo;
/*temporary tablespace*/
create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;
/*設(shè)置數(shù)據(jù)庫缺省的臨時(shí)表空間*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*系統(tǒng)/臨時(shí)/在線的undo表空間不能被offline*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;
alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;
/*重命名用戶表空間*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
/*重命名系統(tǒng)表空間,但在重命名前必須將數(shù)據(jù)庫shutdown,并重啟到mount狀態(tài)*/
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';
drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce
/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;
/*resize datafile*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;
/*給表空間擴(kuò)展空間*/
alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;
/*將表空間設(shè)置成OMF狀態(tài)*/
alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';
create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;
drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;
select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;
/*將表的某分區(qū)移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)表空間*/
alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########
/*手工分配表空間段的分區(qū)(extend)大小*/
alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');
alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---釋放表中沒有用到的分區(qū)
show parameter db;
alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k塊的內(nèi)存空間塊參數(shù)
select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;
select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;
/*數(shù)據(jù)對象所占用的字節(jié)數(shù)*/
select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where nwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
############ UNDO Data ################
show parameter undo;
alter tablespace users offline normal;
alter tablespace users offline immediate;
recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
alter tablespace users online ;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
/*忽略回滾段的錯(cuò)誤提示*/
alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;
/*在自動(dòng)管理模式下,不會(huì)真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式則可以建立,且是私有回滾段*/
create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
desc dbms_flashback;
/*在提交了修改的數(shù)據(jù)后,9i提供了舊數(shù)據(jù)的回閃操作,將修改前的數(shù)據(jù)只讀給用戶看,但這部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)不會(huì)又恢復(fù)在表中,而是舊數(shù)據(jù)的一個(gè)映射*/
execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');
execute dbms_flashback.disable;
/*回滾段的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息*/
select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
/*undo表空間的大小計(jì)算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
UR :UNDO_RETENTION保留的時(shí)間(秒)
UPS :每秒的回滾數(shù)據(jù)塊
DBS:系統(tǒng)EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/
select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
show parameter transactions;
show parameter rollback;
/*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滾段*/
create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式
/*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定undo_management=manual、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、
transactions=100、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然后shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */
########## Managing Tables ###########
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid是18位的64進(jìn)制字符串(10個(gè)bytes 80 bits)
rowid組成: object#(對象號)--32bits,6位
rfile#(相對文件號)--10bits,3位
block#(塊號)--22bits,6位
row#(行號)--16bits,3位
64進(jìn)制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+共64個(gè)符號
dbms_rowid包中的函數(shù)可以提供對rowid的解釋*/
select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;
create table test2
(
id int,
lname varchar2(20) not null,
fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate date default sysdate)
) tablespace tablespace_name;
create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;
create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
/*手工分配分區(qū),分配的數(shù)據(jù)文件必須是表所在表空間內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)文件*/
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
/*釋放表中沒有用到的空間*/
alter table table_name deallocate unused;
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
/*將非分區(qū)表的表空間搬到新的表空間,在移動(dòng)表空間后，原表中的索引對象將會(huì)不可用，必須重建*/
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
alter index index_name rebuild;
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
/*給表中不用的列做標(biāo)記*/
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
/*drop表中不用的做了標(biāo)記列*/
alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
/*當(dāng)在drop col是出現(xiàn)異常，使用CONTINUE，防止重刪前面的column*/
ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
######## managing indexes ##########
/*create index*/
example:
/*創(chuàng)建一般索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*創(chuàng)建位圖索引*/
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*索引中不能用pctused*/
create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/*大數(shù)據(jù)量的索引最好不要做日志*/
create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/*創(chuàng)建反轉(zhuǎn)索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/*創(chuàng)建函數(shù)索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*建表時(shí)創(chuàng)建約束條件*/
create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*給創(chuàng)建bitmap index分配的內(nèi)存空間參數(shù)，以加速建索引*/
show parameter create_bit;
/*改變索引的存儲(chǔ)參數(shù)*/
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
/*給索引手工分配一個(gè)分區(qū)*/
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
/*釋放索引中沒用的空間*/
alter index index_name deallocate unused;
/*索引重建*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
/*普通索引和反轉(zhuǎn)索引的互換*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
/*重建索引時(shí)，不鎖表*/
alter index index_name rebuild online;
/*給索引整理碎片*/
alter index index_name COALESCE;
/*分析索引,事實(shí)上是更新統(tǒng)計(jì)的過程*/
analyze index index_name validate structure;
desc index_state;
drop index index_name;
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----監(jiān)視索引是否被用到
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消監(jiān)視
/*有關(guān)索引信息的視圖*/
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
##########數(shù)據(jù)完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop約束
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----創(chuàng)建主鍵
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---創(chuàng)建唯一約束
/*創(chuàng)建外鍵約束*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);
/*不效驗(yàn)老數(shù)據(jù)，只約束新的數(shù)據(jù)[enable/disable：約束/不約束新數(shù)據(jù);novalidate/validate:不對/對老數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證]*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;
/*修改約束條件，延時(shí)驗(yàn)證，commit時(shí)驗(yàn)證*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
/*修改約束條件，立即驗(yàn)證*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;
/*drop一個(gè)有外鍵的主鍵表,帶cascade constraints參數(shù)級聯(lián)刪除*/
drop table table_name cascade constraints;
/*當(dāng)truncate外鍵表時(shí)，先將外鍵設(shè)為無效，再truncate;*/
truncate table table_name;
/*設(shè)約束條件無效*/
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
/*將無效約束的數(shù)據(jù)行放入exception的表中，此表記錄了違反數(shù)據(jù)約束的行的行號；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;
/*運(yùn)行創(chuàng)建exceptions表的腳本*/
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
/*獲取約束條件信息的表或視圖*/
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
################## managing password security and resources ####################
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----鎖定/打開用戶;
alter user user_name password expire;---設(shè)定口令到期
/*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令輸多少次后鎖，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自動(dòng)解鎖*/
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
/*創(chuàng)建口令配置文件*/
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;
/*建立資源配置文件*/
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
alter user user_name profile profile_name;
/*設(shè)置口令解鎖時(shí)間*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
/*password_life_time指口令文件多少時(shí)間到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登錄后到口令到期有多少天時(shí)間可改變口令*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天內(nèi)可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次數(shù)*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用戶口令
drop profile profile_name;
/*建立了profile后，且指定給某個(gè)用戶，則必須用CASCADE才能刪除*/
drop profile profile_name CASCADE;
alter system set resource_limit=true;---啟用自愿限制,缺省是false
/*配置資源參數(shù)*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
/*資源參數(shù)(session級)
cpu_per_session每個(gè)session占用cpu的時(shí)間單位1/100秒
sessions_per_user允許每個(gè)用戶的并行session數(shù)
connect_time允許連接的時(shí)間單位分鐘
idle_time連接被空閑多少時(shí)間后，被自動(dòng)斷開單位分鐘
logical_reads_per_session讀塊數(shù)
private_sga用戶能夠在SGA中使用的私有的空間數(shù)單位bytes
(call級)
cpu_per_call每次(1/100秒)調(diào)用cpu的時(shí)間
logical_reads_per_call每次調(diào)用能夠讀的塊數(shù)
*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
desc dbms_resouce_manager;---資源管理器包
/*獲取資源信息的表或視圖*/
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;
###### Managing users ############
show parameter os;
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;
grant connect,createtable to testuser1;
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
/*創(chuàng)建用戶*/
create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
/*數(shù)據(jù)庫級設(shè)定缺省臨時(shí)表空間*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*制定數(shù)據(jù)庫級的缺省表空間*/
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;
/*創(chuàng)建os級審核的用戶，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令對應(yīng)的前綴,'OPS$'為此參數(shù)的值，此值可以任意設(shè)置*/
create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
/*修改用戶使用表空間的限額,回滾表空間和臨時(shí)表空間不允許授予限額*/
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;
/*刪除用戶或刪除級聯(lián)用戶(用戶對象下有對象的要用CASCADE，將其下一些對象一起刪除)*/
drop user user_name [CASCADE];
/*每個(gè)用戶在哪些表空間下有些什么限額*/
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
/*改變用戶的缺省表空間*/
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
######### Managing Privileges #############
grant create table,create session to user_name;
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
/*授予權(quán)限語法,public標(biāo)識(shí)所有用戶,with admin option允許能將權(quán)限授予第三者的權(quán)限*/
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
select * from v$pwfile_users;
/*當(dāng)O7_dictionary_accessiblity參數(shù)為True時(shí)，標(biāo)識(shí)select any table時(shí)，包括系統(tǒng)表也能select ,否則，不包含系統(tǒng)表;缺省為false*/
show parameter O7;
/*由于O7_dictionary_accessiblity為靜態(tài)參數(shù)，不能動(dòng)態(tài)改變，故加scope=spfile,下次啟動(dòng)時(shí)才生效*/
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
/*授予對象中的某些字段的權(quán)限，如select某表中的某些字段的權(quán)限*/
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;
/*oracle不允許授予select某列的權(quán)限,但可以授insert ,update某列的權(quán)限*/
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
/*db/os/none審計(jì)被記錄在數(shù)據(jù)庫/操作系統(tǒng)/不審計(jì)缺省是none*/
show parameter audit_trail;
/*啟動(dòng)對表的select動(dòng)作*/
audit select on user.table_name by session;
/*by session在每個(gè)session中發(fā)出command只記錄一次，by access則每個(gè)command都記錄*/
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];
desc dbms_fga;---進(jìn)一步設(shè)計(jì)，則可使用dbms_fgs包
/*取消審計(jì)*/
noaudit select on user.table_name;
/*查被審計(jì)信息*/
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
/*獲取審計(jì)記錄*/
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
########### Managing Role #################
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;
create role role_name;
create role role_name identified by password;
create role role_name identified externally;
set role role_name ; ----激活role
set role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name not identified;
alter role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name identified externally;
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
grant role_name1 to role_name2;
/*建立default role,用戶登錄時(shí)，缺省激活default role*/
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
alter user user_name default role all;
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;
alter user user_name default role none;
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;
set role all;
set role except role1,role2,...;
set role none;
revoke role_name from user_name;
revoke role_name from public;
drop role role_name;
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;
select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配單個(gè)字符
/*使用字符函數(shù)(右邊截取,字段中包含某個(gè)字符,左邊填充某字符到固定位數(shù),右邊填充某字符到固定位數(shù))*/
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;
/*使用數(shù)字函數(shù)(往右/左幾位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
/*使用日期函數(shù)(計(jì)算兩個(gè)日期間相差幾個(gè)星期,兩個(gè)日期間相隔幾個(gè)月,在某個(gè)月份上加幾個(gè)月,某個(gè)日期的下一個(gè)日期,
某日期所在月的最后的日期,對某個(gè)日期的月分四舍五入，對某個(gè)日期的月份進(jìn)行取整)*/
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;
/*使用NULL函數(shù)(當(dāng)expr1為空取expr2/當(dāng)expr1為空取expr2,否則取expr3/當(dāng)expr1=expr2返回空)*/
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1
when '30' then column2*2.1
when '10' then column3/20
else column3
end as ttt
from table_name ; ------使用case函數(shù)
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡兒連接
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用兩個(gè)表中的同名列連接
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用兩個(gè)表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列連接
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相當(dāng)于(+)=,=(+)連接,全外連接
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN語法;
example:
select col1,col2 from table1 t1
join table2 t2
on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
join table3 t3
on t2.col1=t3.col3;
select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form. table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);
MERGE INTO table_name table1
USING table_name2 table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET
table1.col1=table2.col2,
table1.col2=table2.col3,
...
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并語句
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----設(shè)置列無效，這個(gè)比較快。
alter table table_name drop unused columns;---刪除被設(shè)為無效的列
rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表
comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----給表放入注釋信息
create table table_name
(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定義表中的約束條件
alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----創(chuàng)建主鍵
/*建立外鍵*/
create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));
alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----級聯(lián)刪除主鍵
alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使約束暫時(shí)無效
/*刪除列，并級聯(lián)刪除此列下的約束條件*/
alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---約束條件相關(guān)視圖
############## Create Views #####################
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------創(chuàng)建視圖的語法
example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------創(chuàng)建視圖
/*使用別名*/
Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
/*創(chuàng)建復(fù)雜視圖*/
Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
/*當(dāng)用update修改數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，必須滿足視圖的col1>10的條件，不滿足則不能被改變.*/
Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;
/*改變視圖的值.對于簡單視圖可以用update語法修改表數(shù)據(jù)，但復(fù)雜視圖則不一定能改。如使用了函數(shù)，group by ,distinct等的列*/
update view_name set col1=value1;
/*TOP-N分析*/
select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;
/*找出某列三條最大值的記錄*/
example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
############# Other database Object ###############
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----創(chuàng)建SEQUENCE
example:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
select * from user_sequences ;---當(dāng)前用戶下記錄sequence的視圖
select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用
alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE 999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改變起始序號
drop sequence sequence_name; ----刪除sequence
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------創(chuàng)建同義詞
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----刪除同義詞
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----創(chuàng)建DBLINK
select * from object_name@link_name; ----訪問遠(yuǎn)程數(shù)據(jù)庫中的對象
/*union操作，它將兩個(gè)集合的交集部分壓縮，并對數(shù)據(jù)排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*union all操作，兩個(gè)集合的交集部分不壓縮，且不對數(shù)據(jù)排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*intersect操作，求兩個(gè)集合的交集,它將對重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行壓縮，且排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*minus操作，集合減,它將壓縮兩個(gè)集合減后的重復(fù)記錄,且對數(shù)據(jù)排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*EXTRACT抽取時(shí)間函數(shù).此例是抽取當(dāng)前日期中的年*/
select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
/*EXTRACT抽取時(shí)間函數(shù).此例是抽取當(dāng)前日期中的月*/
select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
##########################增強(qiáng)的group by子句#########################
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，對group by子句的各字段從右到左進(jìn)行再聚合
example:
/*其結(jié)果看起來象對col1做小計(jì)*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
/*復(fù)合rollup表達(dá)式*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再對ROLLUP后的結(jié)果集從右到左再聚合
example:
/*其結(jié)果看起來象對col1做小計(jì)后，再對col2做小計(jì)，最后算總計(jì)*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*復(fù)合rollup表達(dá)式*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
/*混合rollup,cube表達(dá)式*/
select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
/*GROUPING(expr)函數(shù)，查看select語句種以何字段聚合，其取值為0或1*/
select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column];
example:
select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*grouping sets操作，對group by結(jié)果集先對col1求和，再對col2求和，最后將其結(jié)果集并在一起*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
--監(jiān)控索引是否使用
alter index &index_name monitoring usage;
alter index &index_name nomonitoring usage;
select * from v$object_usage where index_name = &index_name;
--求數(shù)據(jù)文件的I/O分布
select df.name,phyrds,phywrts,phyblkrd,phyblkwrt,singleblkrds,readtim,writetim
from v$filestat fs,v$dbfile df
where fs.file#=df.file# order by df.name;
--求某個(gè)隱藏參數(shù)的值
col ksppinm format a54
col ksppstvl format a54
select ksppinm, ksppstvl
from x$ksppi pi, x$ksppcv cv
where cv.indx=pi.indx and pi.ksppinm like '\_%' escape '\' and pi.ksppinm like '%meer%';
--求系統(tǒng)中較大的latch
select name,sum(gets),sum(misses),sum(sleeps),sum(wait_time)
from v$latch_children
group by name having sum(gets) > 50 order by 2;
--求歸檔日志的切換頻率(生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)可能時(shí)間會(huì)很長)
select start_recid,start_time,end_recid,end_time,minutes from (select test.*, rownum as rn
from (select b.recid start_recid,to_char(b.first_time,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') start_time,
a.recid end_recid,to_char(a.first_time,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') end_time,round(((a.first_time-b.first_time)*24)*60,2) minutes
from v$log_history a,v$log_history b where a.recid=b.recid+1 and b.first_time > sysdate - 1
order by a.first_time desc) test) y where y.rn < 30
--求回滾段正在處理的事務(wù)
select a.name,b.xacts,c.sid,c.serial#,d.sql_text
from v$rollname a,v$rollstat b,v$session c,v$sqltext d,v$transaction e
where a.usn=b.usn and b.usn=e.xidusn and c.taddr=e.addr
and c.sql_address=d.address and c.sql_hash_value=d.hash_value order by a.name,c.sid,d.piece;
--求出無效的對象
select 'alter procedure '||object_name||' compile;'
from dba_objects
where status='INVALID' and wner='&' and object_type in ('PACKAGE','PACKAGE BODY');
/
select owner,object_name,object_type,status from dba_objects where status='INVALID';
--求process/session的狀態(tài)
select p.pid,p.spid,s.program,s.sid,s.serial#
from v$process p,v$session s where s.paddr=p.addr;
--求當(dāng)前session的狀態(tài)
select sn.name,ms.value
from v$mystat ms,v$statname sn
where ms.statistic#=sn.statistic# and ms.value > 0;
--求表的索引信息
select ui.table_name,ui.index_name
from user_indexes ui,user_ind_columns uic
where ui.table_name=uic.table_name and ui.index_name=uic.index_name
and ui.table_name like '&table_name%' and uic.column_name='&column_name';
--顯示表的外鍵信息
col search_condition format a54
select table_name,constraint_name
from user_constraints
where constraint_type ='R' and constraint_name in (select constraint_name from user_cons_columns where column_name='&1');
select rpad(child.table_name,25,' ') child_tablename,
rpad(cp.column_name,17,' ') referring_column,rpad(parent.table_name,25,' ') parent_tablename,
rpad(pc.column_name,15,' ') referred_column,rpad(child.constraint_name,25,' ') constraint_name
from user_constraints child,user_constraints parent,
user_cons_columns cp,user_cons_columns pc
where child.constraint_type = 'R' and child.r_constraint_name = parent.constraint_name and
child.constraint_name = cp.constraint_name and parent.constraint_name = pc.constraint_name and
cp.position = pc.position and child.table_name ='&table_name'
order by child.owner,child.table_name,child.constraint_name,cp.position;
--顯示表的分區(qū)及子分區(qū)(user_tab_subpartitions)
col table_name format a16
col partition_name format a16
col high_value format a81
select table_name,partition_name,HIGH_VALUE from user_tab_partitions where table_name='&table_name'
--使用dbms_xplan生成一個(gè)執(zhí)行計(jì)劃
explain plan set statement_id = '&sql_id' for &sql;
select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
--求某個(gè)事務(wù)的重做信息(bytes)
select s.name,m.value
from v$mystat m,v$statname s
where m.statistic#=s.statistic# and s.name like '%redo size%';
--求cache中緩存超過其5%的對象
select o.owner,o.object_type,o.object_name,count(b.objd)
from v$bh b,dba_objects o
where b.objd = o.object_id
group by o.owner,o.object_type,o.object_name
having count(b.objd) > (select to_number(value)*0.05 from v$parameter where name = 'db_block_buffers');
--求誰阻塞了某個(gè)session(10g)
select sid, username, event, blocking_session,
seconds_in_wait, wait_time
from v$session where state in ('WAITING') and wait_class != 'Idle';
--求session的OS進(jìn)程ID
col program format a54
select p.spid "OS Thread", b.name "Name-User", s.program
from v$process p, v$session s, v$bgprocess b
where p.addr = s.paddr and p.addr = b.paddr
UNION ALL
select p.spid "OS Thread", s.username "Name-User", s.program
from v$process p, v$session s where p.addr = s.paddr and s.username is not null;
--查會(huì)話的阻塞
col user_name format a32
select /*+ rule */ lpad(' ',decode(l.xidusn ,0,3,0))||l.oracle_username user_name, o.owner,o.object_name,s.sid,s.serial#
from v$locked_object l,dba_objects o,v$session s
where l.object_id=o.object_id and l.session_id=s.sid order by o.object_id,xidusn desc ;
col username format a15
col lock_level format a8
col owner format a18
col object_name format a32
select /*+ rule */ s.username, decode(l.type,'tm','table lock', 'tx','row lock', null) lock_level, o.owner,o.object_name,s.sid,s.serial#
from v$session s,v$lock l,dba_objects o
where l.sid = s.sid and l.id1 = o.object_id(+) and s.username is not null ;
--求等待的事件及會(huì)話信息/求會(huì)話的等待及會(huì)話信息
select se.sid,s.username,se.event,se.total_waits,se.time_waited,se.average_wait
from v$session s,v$session_event se
where s.username is not null and se.sid=s.sid and s.status='ACTIVE' and se.event not like '%SQL*Net%' order by s.username;
select s.sid,s.username,sw.event,sw.wait_time,sw.state,sw.seconds_in_wait
from v$session s,v$session_wait sw
where s.username is not null and sw.sid=s.sid and sw.event not like '%SQL*Net%' order by s.username;
--求會(huì)話等待的file_id/block_id
col event format a24
col p1text format a12
col p2text format a12
col p3text format a12
select sid,event,p1text, p1, p2text, p2, p3text, p3
from v$session_wait
where event not like '%SQL%' and event not like '%rdbms%' and event not like '%mon%' order by event;
select name,wait_time from v$latch l where exists (select 1 from (select sid,event,p1text, p1, p2text, p2, p3text, p3
from v$session_wait
where event not like '%SQL%' and event not like '%rdbms%' and event not like '%mon%'
) x where x.p1= l.latch#);
--求會(huì)話等待的對象
col owner format a18
col segment_name format a32
col segment_type format a32
select owner,segment_name,segment_type
from dba_extents
where file_id = &file_id and &block_id between block_id and block_id + blocks - 1;
--求buffer cache中的塊信息
select o.OBJECT_TYPE, substr(o.OBJECT_NAME,1,10) objname , b.objd , b.status, count(b.objd)
from v$bh b, dba_objects o
where b.objd = o.data_object_id and o.owner = '&1' group by o.object_type, o.object_name,b.objd, b.status ;
--求日志文件的空間使用
select le.leseq current_log_sequence#, 100*cp.cpodr_bno/le.lesiz percentage_full
from x$kcccp cp,x$kccle le
where le.leseq =cp.cpodr_seq;
--求等待中的對象
select /*+rule */ s.sid, s.username, w.event, o.owner, o.segment_name, o.segment_type,
o.partition_name, w.seconds_in_wait seconds, w.state
from v$session_wait w, v$session s, dba_extents o
where w.event in (select name from v$event_name where parameter1 = 'file#'
and parameter2 = 'block#' and name not like 'control%')
and o.owner <> 'sys' and w.sid = s.sid and w.p1 = o.file_id and w.p2 >= o.block_id and w.p2 < o.block_id + o.blocks
--求當(dāng)前事務(wù)的重做尺寸
select value
from v$mystat, v$statname
where v$mystat.statistic# = v$statname.statistic# and v$statname.name = 'redo size';
--喚醒smon去清除臨時(shí)段
column pid new_value Smon
set termout off
select p.pid from sys.v_$bgprocess b,sys.v_$process p where b.name = 'SMON' and p.addr = b.paddr
/
set termout on
oradebug wakeup &Smon
undefine Smon
--求回退率
select b.value/(a.value + b.value),a.value,b.value from v$sysstat a,v$sysstat b
where a.statistic#=4 and b.statistic#=5;
--求DISK READ較多的SQL
select st.sql_text from v$sql s,v$sqltext st
where s.address=st.address and s.hash_value=st.hash_value and s.disk_reads > 300;
--求DISK SORT嚴(yán)重的SQL
select sess.username, sql.sql_text, sort1.blocks
from v$session sess, v$sqlarea sql, v$sort_usage sort1
where sess.serial# = sort1.session_num
and sort1.sqladdr = sql.address
and sort1.sqlhash = sql.hash_value and sort1.blocks > 200;
--求對象的創(chuàng)建代碼
column column_name format a36
column sql_text format a99
select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE','&1') from dual;
select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('INDEX','&1') from dual;
--求表的索引
set linesize 131
select a.index_name,a.column_name,b.status, b.index_type
from user_ind_columns a,user_indexes b
where a.index_name=b.index_name and a.table_name='&1';
求索引中行數(shù)較多的
select index_name,blevel,num_rows,CLUSTERING_FACTOR,status from user_indexes where num_rows > 10000 and blevel > 0
select table_name,index_name,blevel,num_rows,CLUSTERING_FACTOR,status from user_indexes where status <> 'VALID'
--求當(dāng)前會(huì)話的SID，SERIAL#
select sid, serial# from v$session where audsid = SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','SESSIONID');
--求表空間的未用空間
col mbytes format 9999.9999
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 mbytes from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;
--求表中定義的觸發(fā)器
select table_name,index_type,index_name,uniqueness from user_indexes where table_name='&1';
select trigger_name from user_triggers where table_name='&1';
--求未定義索引的表
select table_name from user_tables where table_name not in (select table_name from user_ind_columns);
--執(zhí)行常用的過程
exec print_sql('select count(*) from tab');
exec show_space2('table_name');
--求free memory
select * from v$sgastat where name='free memory';
select a.name,sum(b.value) from v$statname a,v$sesstat b where a.statistic# = b.statistic# group by a.name;
查看一下誰在使用那個(gè)可以得回滾段，或者查看一下某個(gè)可以得用戶在使用回滾段，
找出領(lǐng)回滾段不斷增長的事務(wù)，再看看如何處理它，是否可以將它c(diǎn)ommit，再不行
就看看能否kill它，等等,查看當(dāng)前正在使用的回滾段的用戶信息和回滾段信息:
set linesize 121
SELECT r.name "ROLLBACK SEGMENT NAME ",l.sid "ORACLE PID",p.spid "SYSTEM PID ",s.username "ORACLE USERNAME"
FROM v$lock l, v$process p, v$rollname r, v$session s
WHERE l.sid = p.pid(+) AND s.sid=l.sid AND TRUNC(l.id1(+)/65536) = r.usn AND l.type(+) = 'TX' AND l.lmode(+) = 6 ORDER BY r.name;
--查看用戶的回滾段的信息
select s.username, rn.name from v$session s, v$transaction t, v$rollstat r, v$rollname rn
where s.saddr = t.ses_addr and t.xidusn = r.usn and r.usn = rn.usn
--生成執(zhí)行計(jì)劃
explain plan set statement_id='a1' for &1;
--查看執(zhí)行計(jì)劃
select lpad(' ',2*(level-1))||operation operation,options,OBJECT_NAME,position from plan_table
start with id=0 and statement_id='a1' connect by prior id=parent_id and statement_id='a1'
執(zhí)行計(jì)劃
1）根據(jù)SID，從v$sql中找到相應(yīng)SQL的HASH_VALUE和ADDRESS ；
SELECT a.sql_text , a.address , a.hash_value
FROM v$sql a , v$session b
where a.hash_value = b.sql_hash_value
and b.sid = &sid ;
Alan Lee(160921) 22:58:07
2）根據(jù)hash_value和address的值，從v$sql_plan中找到真實(shí)的執(zhí)行計(jì)劃。
set line 200;
col oper format a100;
select lpad(oper,length(oper)+level*2,' ') oper,cost
from (
select object_name||':'||operation||' '||options as oper,cost,id,parent_id
from v$sql_plan
where hash_value = &hash_value
and address = '&address'
)
start with id=0
connect by prior id = parent_id;
Alan Lee(160921) 22:58:26
這2步，就可以找出實(shí)際正在跑的SQL使用的是什么執(zhí)行計(jì)劃
set autotrace traceonly statistics
set autotrace traceonly explain
set autotrace traceonly on explain
--查看內(nèi)存中存的使用
select decode(greatest(class,10),10,decode(class,1,'Data',2,'Sort',4,'Header',to_char(class)),'Rollback') "Class",
sum(decode(bitand(flag,1),1,0,1)) "Not Dirty",sum(decode(bitand(flag,1),1,1,0)) "Dirty",
sum(dirty_queue) "On Dirty",count(*) "Total"
from x$bh group by decode(greatest(class,10),10,decode(class,1,'Data',2,'Sort',4,'Header',to_char(class)),'Rollback');
--查看表空間狀態(tài)
select tablespace_name,extent_management,segment_space_management from dba_tablespaces;
select table_name,freelists,freelist_groups from user_tables;
--查看系統(tǒng)請求情況
SELECT DECODE (name, 'summed dirty write queue length', value)/
DECODE (name, 'write requests', value) "Write Request Length"
FROM v$sysstat WHERE name IN ( 'summed dirty queue length', 'write requests') and value>0;
--計(jì)算data buffer命中率
select a.value + b.value "logical_reads", c.value "phys_reads",
round(100 * ((a.value+b.value)-c.value) / (a.value+b.value)) "BUFFER HIT RATIO"
from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c
where a.statistic# = 40 and b.statistic# = 41 and c.statistic# = 42;
SELECT name, (1-(physical_reads/(db_block_gets+consistent_gets)))*100 H_RATIO FROM v$buffer_pool_statistics;
--查看內(nèi)存使用情況
select least(max(b.value)/(1024*1024),sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024)) shared_pool_used,
max(b.value)/(1024*1024) shared_pool_size,greatest(max(b.value)/(1024*1024),sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024))-
(sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024)) shared_pool_avail,((sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024))/(max(b.value)/(1024*1024)))*100 avail_pool_pct
from v$sgastat a, v$parameter b where (a.pool='shared pool' and a.name not in ('free memory')) and b.name='shared_pool_size';
--查看用戶使用內(nèi)存情況
select username, sum(sharable_mem), sum(persistent_mem), sum(runtime_mem)
from sys.v_$sqlarea a, dba_users b
where a.parsing_user_id = b.user_id group by username;
--查看對象的緩存情況
select OWNER,NAMESPACE,TYPE,NAME,SHARABLE_MEM,LOADS,EXECUTIONS,LOCKS,PINS,KEPT
from v$db_object_cache where type not in ('NOT LOADED','NON-EXISTENT','VIEW','TABLE','SEQUENCE')
and executions>0 and loads>1 and kept='NO' order by owner,namespace,type,executions desc;
select type,count(*) from v$db_object_cache group by type;
--查看庫緩存命中率
select namespace,gets, gethitratio*100 gethitratio,pins,pinhitratio*100 pinhitratio,RELOADS,INVALIDATIONS from v$librarycache
--查看某些用戶的hash
select a.username, count(b.hash_value) total_hash,count(b.hash_value)-count(unique(b.hash_value)) same_hash,
(count(unique(b.hash_value))/count(b.hash_value))*100 u_hash_ratio
from dba_users a, v$sqlarea b where a.user_id=b.parsing_user_id group by a.username;
--查看字典命中率
select (sum(getmisses)/sum(gets)) ratio from v$rowcache;
--查看undo段的使用情況
SELECT d.segment_name,extents,optsize,shrinks,aveshrink,aveactive,d.status
FROM v$rollname n,v$rollstat s,dba_rollback_segs d
WHERE d.segment_id=n.usn(+) and d.segment_id=s.usn(+);
--無效的對象
select owner,object_type,object_name from dba_objects where status='INVALID';
select constraint_name,table_name from dba_constraints where status='INVALID';
--求出某個(gè)進(jìn)程，并對它進(jìn)行跟蹤
select s.sid,s.serial# from v$session s,v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and p.spid=&1;
exec dbms_system.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION(&1,&2,true);
exec dbms_system.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION(&1,&2,false);
--求出鎖定的對象
select do.object_name,session_id,process,locked_mode
from v$locked_object lo, dba_objects do where lo.object_id=do.object_id;
--求當(dāng)前session的跟蹤文件
SELECT p1.value || '/' || p2.value || '_ora_' || p.spid || '.ora' filename
FROM v$process p, v$session s, v$parameter p1, v$parameter p2
WHERE p1.name = 'user_dump_dest' AND p2.name = 'instance_name'
AND p.addr = s.paddr AND s.audsid = USERENV('SESSIONID') AND p.background is null AND instr(p.program,'CJQ') = 0;
--求對象所在的文件及塊號
select segment_name,header_file,header_block
from dba_segments where segment_name like '&1';
--求對象發(fā)生事務(wù)時(shí)回退段及塊號
select a.segment_name,a.header_file,a.header_block
from dba_segments a,dba_rollback_segs b
where a.segment_name=b.segment_name and b.segment_id='&1'
--9i的在線重定義表
/*如果在線重定義的表沒有主鍵需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建主鍵*/
exec dbms_redefinition.can_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement');
create table anno2 as select * from announcement
exec dbms_redefinition.start_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');
exec dbms_redefinition.sync_interim_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');
exec dbms_redefinition.finish_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');
drop table anno2
exec dbms_redefinition.abort_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');
--常用的logmnr腳本(cybercafe)
exec sys.dbms_logmnr_d.build(dictionary_filename =>'esal',dictionary_location =>'/home/oracle/logmnr');
exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_24050.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.new);
exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22912.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);
exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22913.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);
exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22914.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);
exec sys.dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'/home/oracle/logmnr/esal.ora');
create table logmnr2 as select * from v$logmnr_contents;
死鎖問題：1）查找死鎖的進(jìn)程：
sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SELECT s.username,l.OBJECT_ID,l.SESSION_ID,s.SERIAL#,l.ORACLE_USERNAME,
l.OS_USER_NAME,l.PROCESS FROM V$LOCKED_OBJECT l,V$SESSION S WHERE l.SESSION_ID=S.SID;
2）kill掉這個(gè)死鎖的進(jìn)程：
alter system kill session 'sid,serial#'; （其中sid=l.session_id）
3）如果還不能解決，
select pro.spid from v$session ses,v$process pro where ses.sid=XX and ses.paddr=pro.addr;
其中sid用死鎖的sid替換。
exit
--與權(quán)限相關(guān)的字典
ALL_COL_PRIVS表示列上的授權(quán)，用戶和PUBLIC是被授予者
ALL_COL_PRIVS_MADE表示列上的授權(quán)，用戶是屬主和被授予者
ALL_COL_RECD表示列上的授權(quán)，用戶和PUBLIC是被授予者
ALL_TAB_PRIVS表示對象上的授權(quán)，用戶是PUBLIC或被授予者或用戶是屬主
ALL_TAB_PRIVS_MADE表示對象上的權(quán)限，用戶是屬主或授予者
ALL_TAB_PRIVS_RECD表示對象上的權(quán)限,用戶是PUBLIC或被授予者
DBA_COL_PRIVS數(shù)據(jù)庫列上的所有授權(quán)
DBA_ROLE_PRIVS顯示已授予用戶或其他角色的角色
DBA_SYS_PRIVS已授予用戶或角色的系統(tǒng)權(quán)限
DBA_TAB_PRIVS數(shù)據(jù)庫對象上的所有權(quán)限
ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS顯示已授予用戶的角色
ROLE_SYS_PRIVS顯示通過角色授予用戶的系統(tǒng)權(quán)限
ROLE_TAB_PRIVS顯示通過角色授予用戶的對象權(quán)限
SESSION_PRIVS顯示用戶現(xiàn)在可利用的所有系統(tǒng)權(quán)限
USER_COL_PRIVS顯示列上的權(quán)限，用戶是屬主、授予者或被授予者
USER_COL_PRIVS_MADE顯示列上已授予的權(quán)限，用戶是屬主或授予者
USER_COL_PRIVS_RECD顯示列上已授予的權(quán)限，用戶是屬主或被授予者
USER_ROLE_PRIVS顯示已授予給用戶的所有角色
USER_SYS_PRIVS顯示已授予給用戶的所有系統(tǒng)權(quán)限
USER_TAB_PRIVS顯示已授予給用戶的所有對象權(quán)限
USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE顯示已授予給其他用戶的對象權(quán)限，用戶是屬主
USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD顯示已授予給其他用戶的對象權(quán)限，用戶是被授予者
--如何用dbms_stats分析表及模式？
exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats(ownname=>'&USER_NAME',estimate_percent=>dbms_stats.auto_sample_size,
method_opt => 'for all columns size auto',degree=> DBMS_STATS.DEFAULT_DEGREE);
exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats(ownname=>'&USER_NAME',estimate_percent=>dbms_stats.auto_sample_size,cascade=>true);
/*
FOR ALL [INDEXED | HIDDEN] COLUMNS [size_clause]
FOR COLUMNS [size clause] column|attribute [size_clause] [,column|attribute [size_clause]...],
where size_clause is defined as size_clause := SIZE {integer | REPEAT | AUTO | SKEWONLY}
integer--Number of histogram buckets. Must be in the range [1,254].
REPEAT--Collects histograms only on the columns that already have histograms.
AUTO--Oracle determines the columns to collect histograms based on data distribution and the workload of the columns.
SKEWONLY--Oracle determines the columns to collect histograms based on the data distribution of the columns
*/
常用系統(tǒng)表,視圖和作用
查看有關(guān)用戶的信息:dba_users
查看有關(guān)角色的信息:dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_sys_privs
查看有關(guān)系統(tǒng)權(quán)限的信息:dba_sys_privs
查看當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫表空間狀況:dba_tablespaces
查看用戶的系統(tǒng)權(quán)限:user_sys_privs
查看某個(gè)用戶對另外一個(gè)用戶授予的權(quán)限:user_tab_privs_made
查看某個(gè)用戶對另外一個(gè)用戶授予的列級權(quán)限:user_col_privs_made
查看某個(gè)用戶接受的權(quán)限:user_tab_privs_recd
查看某個(gè)用戶接受的列級權(quán)限:user_col_privs_recd
查看有關(guān)用戶的角色信息:user_role_privs
查看有關(guān)授予某個(gè)角色的系統(tǒng)權(quán)限信息:role_sys_privs
查看有關(guān)授予某個(gè)角色的對象權(quán)限信息:role_tab_privs
查看當(dāng)前用戶所擁有的表信息:user_tables
查看當(dāng)前用戶有權(quán)限訪問的表信息:all_tables
查看當(dāng)前用戶所擁有的所有表的列信息:user_tab_columns
查看當(dāng)前用戶可以訪問的表中的列信息:all_tab_columns
查看當(dāng)前用戶所擁有的所有約束信息:user_constraint
查看當(dāng)前用戶所擁有的所有約束和列的關(guān)系:user_cons_constraint
查看表中注釋內(nèi)容:user_tab_comments
查看表中列注釋內(nèi)容：user_col_comments
提供練習(xí)的表:dual
查看相關(guān)時(shí)區(qū)的名稱和簡稱:v$timezone_names
V$OPTION:顯示已安裝的Oracle選項(xiàng)
select * from v$option;
取得Oracle版本的詳細(xì)信息
select * from v$version;
取得初始化參數(shù)的詳細(xì)信息
select name,value,description from v$parameter;
取得當(dāng)前例程的詳細(xì)信息
select * from v$instance;
1、用戶
查看當(dāng)前用戶的缺省表空間
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
查看當(dāng)前用戶的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs;
查看當(dāng)前用戶的系統(tǒng)權(quán)限和表級權(quán)限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;或
select username, default_tablespace, temporary_tablespace, priv granted_role, default_role from dba_users u, (select grantee,granted_role priv,default_role from dba_role_privs union all select grantee,privilege priv,'' from dba_sys_privs c ) r where u.username = r.grantee order by username ;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
顯示當(dāng)前會(huì)話所具有的權(quán)限
SQL>select * from session_privs;
顯示指定用戶所具有的系統(tǒng)權(quán)限
SQL>select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='GAME';
2、表
查看用戶下所有的表
SQL>select * from user_tables;
查看名稱包含log字符的表
SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;
查看某表的創(chuàng)建時(shí)間
SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');
查看某表的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&table_name');
查看放在ORACLE的內(nèi)存區(qū)里的表
SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;
3、索引
查看索引個(gè)數(shù)和類別
SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name;
查看索引被索引的字段
SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name');
查看索引的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&index_name');
4、序列號
查看序列號，last_number是當(dāng)前值
SQL>select * from user_sequences;
5、視圖
查看視圖的名稱
SQL>select view_name from user_views;
查看創(chuàng)建視圖的select語句
SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views;
SQL>set long 2000; 說明：可以根據(jù)視圖的text_length值設(shè)定set long 的大小
SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name');
6、同義詞
查看同義詞的名稱
SQL>select * from user_synonyms;
7、約束條件
查看某表的約束條件
SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name
from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name');
SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name
from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc
where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name')
and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name
order by cc.position;
8、存儲(chǔ)函數(shù)和過程
查看函數(shù)和過程的狀態(tài)
SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION';
SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE';
查看函數(shù)和過程的源代碼
SQL>select text from all_source where wner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name');
1. 監(jiān)控事例的等待
select event,
sum(decode(wait_Time,0,0,1)) "Prev",
sum(decode(wait_Time,0,1,0)) "Curr",
count(*) "Tot"
from v$session_Wait
group by event
order by 4;
2. 回滾段的爭用情況
select name, waits, gets, waits/gets "Ratio"
from v$rollstat a, v$rollname b
where a.usn = b.usn;
3. 監(jiān)控表空間的 I/O 比例
select df.tablespace_name name,df.file_name "file",f.phyrds pyr,
f.phyblkrd pbr,f.phywrts pyw, f.phyblkwrt pbw
from v$filestat f, dba_data_files df
where f.file# = df.file_id
order by df.tablespace_name;
4. 監(jiān)控文件系統(tǒng)的 I/O 比例
select substr(a.file#,1,2) "#", substr(a.name,1,30) "Name",
a.status, a.bytes, b.phyrds, b.phywrts
from v$datafile a, v$filestat b
where a.file# = b.file#;
5.在某個(gè)用戶下找所有的索引
select user_indexes.table_name,
user_indexes.index_name,
uniqueness,
column_name
from user_ind_columns, user_indexes
where user_ind_columns.index_name = user_indexes.index_name and
user_ind_columns.table_name = user_indexes.table_name
order by user_indexes.table_type, user_indexes.table_name,
user_indexes.index_name, column_position;
6. 監(jiān)控 SGA 的命中率
select a.value + b.value "logical_reads",
c.value "phys_reads",
round(100 * ((a.value+b.value)-c.value) / (a.value+b.value)) "BUFFER HIT RATIO"
from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c
where a.statistic# = 38 and b.statistic# = 39 and
c.statistic# = 40;
7. 監(jiān)控 SGA 中字典緩沖區(qū)的命中率
select parameter, gets,Getmisses ,
getmisses/(gets+getmisses)*100 "miss ratio",
(1-(sum(getmisses)/ (sum(gets)+sum(getmisses))))*100 "Hit ratio"
from v$rowcache
where gets+getmisses <>0
group by parameter, gets, getmisses;
8. 監(jiān)控 SGA 中共享緩存區(qū)的命中率，應(yīng)該小于1%
select sum(pins) "Total Pins", sum(reloads) "Total Reloads",
sum(reloads)/sum(pins) *100 libcache
from v$librarycache;
select sum(pinhits-reloads)/sum(pins) "hit radio",
sum(reloads)/sum(pins) "reload percent"
from v$librarycache;
9. 顯示所有數(shù)據(jù)庫對象的類別和大小
select type,
count(name) num_instances,
sum(source_size) source_size,
sum(parsed_size) parsed_size,
sum(code_size) code_size,
sum(error_size) error_size,
sum(source_size) +sum(parsed_size) +sum(code_size) +sum(error_size) size_required
from dba_object_size
group by type
order by 1;
10. 監(jiān)控 SGA 中重做日志緩存區(qū)的命中率，應(yīng)該小于1%
SELECT name, gets, misses, immediate_gets, immediate_misses,
Decode(gets,0,0,misses/gets*100) ratio1,
Decode(immediate_gets+immediate_misses,0,0,
immediate_misses/(immediate_gets+immediate_misses)*100) ratio2
FROM v$latch
WHERE name IN ('redo allocation', 'redo copy');
11. 監(jiān)控內(nèi)存和硬盤的排序比率，最好使它小于 .10，增加 sort_area_size
SELECT name, value
FROM v$sysstat
WHERE name IN ('sorts (memory)', 'sorts (disk)');
12. 監(jiān)控當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫誰在運(yùn)行什么SQL語句
SELECT osuser, username, sql_text
from v$session a, v$sqltext b
where a.sql_address =b.address order by address, piece;
13. 監(jiān)控字典緩沖區(qū)
SELECT (SUM(PINS - RELOADS)) / SUM(PINS) "LIB CACHE"
FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE;
SELECT (SUM(GETS - GETMISSES - USAGE - FIXED)) / SUM(GETS) "ROW CACHE"
FROM V$ROWCACHE;
SELECT SUM(PINS) "EXECUTIONS", SUM(RELOADS) "CACHE MISSES WHILE EXECUTING"
FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE;
后者除以前者,此比率小于1%,接近0%為好。
SELECT SUM(GETS) "DICTIONARY GETS",SUM(GETMISSES) "DICTIONARY CACHE GET MISSES"
FROM V$ROWCACHE;
14. 找ORACLE字符集
select * from sys.props$ where name='NLS_CHARACTERSET';
15. 監(jiān)控 MTS
select busy/(busy+idle) "shared servers busy" from v$dispatcher;
此值大于0.5時(shí)，參數(shù)需加大
select sum(wait)/sum(totalq) "dispatcher waits" from v$queue where type='dispatcher';
select count(*) from v$dispatcher;
select servers_highwater from v$mts;
servers_highwater接近mts_max_servers時(shí)，參數(shù)需加大
16. 碎片程度
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name)
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name
having count(tablespace_name)>10;
alter tablespace name coalesce;
alter table name deallocate unused;
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,
segment_name
from dba_free_space
union all
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,
segment_name
from dba_extents;
select * from ts_blocks_v;
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id)
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
查看碎片程度高的表
SELECT segment_name table_name , COUNT(*) extents
FROM dba_segments
WHERE owner NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM')
GROUP BY segment_name
HAVING COUNT(*) = (SELECT MAX(COUNT(*)) FROM dba_segments GROUP BY segment_name);
17. 表、索引的存儲(chǔ)情況檢查
select segment_name,sum(bytes),count(*) ext_quan
from dba_extents
where tablespace_name='&tablespace_name' and
segment_type='TABLE'
group by tablespace_name,segment_name;
select segment_name,count(*)
from dba_extents
where segment_type='INDEX' and wner='&owner'
group by segment_name;
18、找使用CPU多的用戶session
12是cpu used by this session
select a.sid,spid,status,substr(a.program,1,40) prog,
a.terminal,osuser,value/60/100 value
from v$session a,v$process b,v$sesstat c
where c.statistic#=12 and
c.sid=a.sid and
a.paddr=b.addr
order by value desc;
19.對可疑/性能不好的Server Process來進(jìn)行Trace.,可以用tkprof來分析Trace的結(jié)果.比較方便.使用Unix的KSH.
(1) start_trc:
#!/bin/ksh
if (( $# != 1 ))
then
echo Usuage: start_trc pid
fi
sid_serial=$(print "
connect / as sysdba;
set heading off;
set feedback off;
select a.sid,a.serial# from v\$session a,v\$process b where a.paddr=b.addr and b.spid=$1;
exit;
" | sqlplus -s /nolog | grep -v 'Connected' | sed -e 's/\([0-9]\{1,\}\)/\1,/' -e '/^$/d' )
if [[ -z $sid_serial ]]
then
print "Seems that this process $1 is not an Oracle process!"
exit 1
fi
print "
connect / as sysdba;
execute dbms_system.set_sql_trace_in_session($sid_serial,true);
exit;
" | sqlplus -s /nolog
(2) stop_trc:
#!/bin/ksh
if (( $# != 1 ))
then
echo Usuage: stop_trc pid
fi
sid_serial=$(print "
connect / as sysdba;
set heading off;
set feedback off;
select a.sid,a.serial# from v\$session a,v\$process b where a.paddr=b.addr and b.spid=$1;
exit;
" | sqlplus -s /nolog | grep -v 'Connected' | sed -e 's/\([0-9]\{1,\}\)/\1,/' -e '/^$/d' )
if [[ -z $sid_serial ]]
then
print "Seems that this process $1 is not an Oracle process!"
exit 1
fi
print "
connect / as sysdba;
execute dbms_system.set_sql_trace_in_session($sid_serial,false);
exit;
" | sqlplus -s /nolog
20.查看Lock
SELECT sn.username, m.sid, m.type,
DECODE(m.lmode, 0, 'None',
1, 'Null',
2, 'Row Share',
3, 'Row Excl.',
4, 'Share',
5, 'S/Row Excl.',
6, 'Exclusive',
lmode, ltrim(to_char(lmode,'990'))) lmode,
DECODE(m.request,0, 'None',
1, 'Null',
2, 'Row Share',
3, 'Row Excl.',
4, 'Share',
5, 'S/Row Excl.',
6, 'Exclusive',
request, ltrim(to_char(m.request,'990'))) request,
m.id1, m.id2
FROM v$session sn, v$lock m
WHERE (sn.sid = m.sid AND m.request != 0) OR
( sn.sid = m.sid AND
m.request = 0 AND
lmode != 4 AND
(id1, id2) IN (
SELECT s.id1, s.id2
FROM v$lock s
WHERE request != 0 AND
s.id1 = m.id1 AND
s.id2 = m.id2
)
)
ORDER BY id1, id2, m.request;
select l.sid,s.serial#,s.username,s.terminal,
decode(l.type,'RW','RW - Row Wait Enqueue',
'TM','TM - DML Enqueue',
'TX','TX - Trans Enqueue',
'UL','UL - User',l.type||'System') res,
substr(t.name,1,10) tab,u.name owner,
l.id1,l.id2,
decode(l.lmode,1,'No Lock',
2,'Row Share',
3,'Row Exclusive',
4,'Share',
5,'Shr Row Excl',
6,'Exclusive',null) lmode,
decode(l.request,1,'No Lock',
2,'Row Share',
3,'Row Excl',
4,'Share',
5,'Shr Row Excl',
6,'Exclusive',null) request
from v$lock l, v$session s,
sys.user$ u,sys.obj$ t
where l.sid = s.sid and
s.type != 'BACKGROUND' and
t.obj# = l.id1 and
u.user# = t.owner#;
監(jiān)控登入登出的用戶:
創(chuàng)建如下的兩張表:
create table login_log -- 登入登出信息表
(
session_id int not null, -- sessionid
login_on_time date, -- 登入時(shí)間
login_off_time date, -- 登出時(shí)間
user_in_db varchar2(30), -- 登入的db user
machine varchar2(20), -- 機(jī)器名
ip_address varchar2(20), -- ip地址
run_program varchar2(20) -- 以何程序登入
);
create table allow_user -- 網(wǎng)域用戶表
(
ip_address varchar2(20), -- ip地址
login_user_name nvarchar2(20) -- 操作者姓名
);
創(chuàng)建如下的兩個(gè)觸發(fā)器:
create or replace trigger login_on_info -- 紀(jì)錄登入信息的觸發(fā)器
after logon on database
Begin
insert into login_log(session_id,login_on_time,login_off_time,user_in_db,machine,ip_address,run_program)
select AUDSID,sysdate,null,sys.login_user,machine,SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),program
from v$session where AUDSID = USERENV('SESSIONID'); --當(dāng)前SESSION
END;
create or replace trigger login_off_info -- 紀(jì)錄登出信息的觸發(fā)器
before logoff on database
Begin
update login_log set login_off_time = sysdate
where session_id = USERENV('SESSIONID'); --當(dāng)前SESSION
exception
when others then
null;
END;
方法二:
用如下的方式可以審計(jì)執(zhí)行drop動(dòng)作的事件:
/**
* drop語句的審計(jì)日誌表
*/
create table drop_log
(
session_id int not null, -- sessionid
drop_time date, -- drop的時(shí)間
ip_address varchar2(20), -- ip地址
object_owner varchar2(30), -- 對象的擁有者
object_name varchar2(30), -- 對象名稱
object_type varchar2(20), -- 對象類型
drop_by_user varchar2(30) -- 執(zhí)行drop語句的用戶
);
create or replace trigger drop_info
after drop on mfg0513user.schema -- 在mfg0513user用戶上創(chuàng)建審計(jì)drop的觸發(fā)器
begin
insert into drop_log
(session_id,
drop_time,
ip_address,
object_owner,
object_name,
object_type,
drop_by_user)
values(USERENV('SESSIONID'),
sysdate,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),
sys.dictionary_obj_owner,
sys.dictionary_obj_name,
sys.dictionary_obj_type,
sys.login_user);
end;
posted on 2010-08-16 13:11
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