In the beginning, C++ was just C with some object-oriented features tacked on. As the language matured, C++?have become a multiparadigm programming language, one suppoting a combination of procedural, object-oriented, functional, generic, and metaprogramming features.
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There are four parts in the C++:
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C
------ Way down deep, C++ is still based on C. Blocks, statements, the preprocessor, built-in data types, arrays, pointers,etc, all come from C. In many cases, C++ just offers approaches to problems that are superior to their C counterparts.
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Object-Oriented C++
------ This part of C++ is what C with Classes was all about: classes(including constructors and destructors), encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, virtual functions(dynamic binding),etc. This is the part of C++ to which the classic rules for object-oriented design most directly apply.
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Template C++
------ This is the generic programming part of C++.
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The STL
------ The STL si avery special template library. Its conventions regarding containers, iterators, algorithms, and function objects mesh beautifully.
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Keep these four sublanguages in mind, and don't be surprised when you encounter situations where effective programming requires that you change strategy when you switch from one sublanguage to another.
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For example, pass-by-value is generally more efficient than pass-by-reference for built-in (i.e., C-like) types, but when you move from the C part of C++ to Object-Oriented C++, the existence of user-defined constructors and destructors means that pass-by-reference-to-const is usually better. This is especially the case when working in Template C++, because there, you don't even know the type of object you're dealing with. When you cross into the STL, however, you know that iterators and function objects are modeled on pointers in C, so for iterators and function objects in the STL, the old C pass-by-value rule applies again.??
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Things to Remember
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Rules for effective C++ programming vary, depending on the part of C++ you are using!