英文里動詞是一個句子中不可缺少的部分。
1.完全及物動詞
動詞加了賓語后意思很完全。
形態：
主語+完全及物動語+賓語
I love her.
Don't hit me.
主語+be動詞+現在分語+賓語
I am pulishing him.
主語+be動語+過去分語
He was hit.
2.完全不及物動詞
形態：
主語+完全不及物動詞
He ran.
主動+be動詞+現在分詞
He was running.
3.不完全不及物動詞 例如:be動語
主語+不完全不及物動語+補語
He becomes handsome.
He got mad/angry/hungry
He got hurted/killed.
He face turned pale.
The leaves are turning yellow.
4.不完全及物動詞
I make him wash the car. make/have sb do sth(動詞原型)
get sb to do sth
let sb do sth
I let him sing a song.
let up雨停了
I have a house to let.我有房子要出租

I will force him to do it.
That story cause me to cry.

5.受予動詞
I gave him a car.
give后跟的是雙賓語，第一個間接賓語(通常是人或對象)，第二個直接賓語（通常是事或物）
tell,lend
I gave a book to him.
I teach english to him.
I bought a book for him.
I made a chair fom him.

在英文里，動語不能直接做主語，要變為動名詞或者不定式短語。
例如：
Working with him is interesting.
To learn engish with peter is fan.
動名詞用于做有經驗的事情。
不定式用于沒有實現的事情，例如計劃，設想等。

如果不定式短語做為主語過長，可以虛的主語，it來代替，不定式短語放在句尾。
例如：
It it my plan to study aboard with very good friend of mine whose call jone.

中文里可以用句子做主語，而英文里不可以，要將句子變為名詞從句。
句子前面加一個連詞that，構成名詞從句。
例如：
That she loves me is ture.
That he doesn't agree with me makes me angry.
It makes me angry that he doesn't agree with me.

1.Self Encapsulate Field

為這個field建立getting/setting method,并且只通過這些函數來訪問field.
例：
privte int low,high;
boolean includes(int arg){
    return arg>=low&&arg<=high;
}
重構為：
private int low,high;
boolean includes(int arg){
    return arg>=getLow()&&arg<=getHigh();
}
int getLow(){return low;}
int getHigh(){return high;}

2.Replace Data Value with Object
將一個數據項變成一個對象。
3.Change Value to Reference
將這個實值對象變成一個引用對象。
4.Change Reference to Value
將一個引用對象變成實值對象。
例：
Class Currency{
private String code;
public String getCode()}
    return code;
}
private Currency(String code){
    this.code=code;
}
}
5.Replace Array with Object
以對象替換數組，對于數組中的每個元素，以一個值域表示之。
例：
String[] row=new String[3];
row[0]="Liverpool";
row[1]="15";
重構為：
Performance row=new Performance();
row.setName("Liverpool");
row.setWins("15");
6.Duplicate Observed Data
7.Change Unidirectional Association to Bidirectional
8.Change Bidirectional Association to Unidirectional

Abstract Factory
通過工廠類創建某一對象，而不是直接使用new關鍵字。
public class Computer(){
}
public class NoteBookComputer extends Computer(){
}
public abstract class ComputerFactory(){
    public abstract Computer createComputer();
}
public class NoteBookComputerFactory extends ComputerFactory{
     public Computer createComputer() {
         return new NoteBookComputer();
    }
}
client code:
ComputerFactory factory=new NoteBookComputerFactory();
Computer noteBook=factory.createComputer();