UserManager userManager;

public void setUserManager(UserManager) {
    this.userManager = userManager;
}

public String create() {
    userManager.create(getUser());
}

public String modify() {
    userManager.modify(modifyUser())
    return "success";
}

public String remove() {
    userManager.remove(getUser())
    return "success";
}

<action name="user" class="com.caryo.user.actions.UserAction">
    <external-ref name="userManager">userManager</external-ref>
    <result name="success" type="dispatcher">user.jsp</result>
</action>

<bean id="userManager" class="com.caryo.user.DefaultUserManager">
    <property name="userDAO"><ref local="userDAO"/></property>
</bean>

UserManager userManager;

public void setUserManager(UserManager) {
    this.userManager = userManager;
}
// userManager的獲取可放在一個(gè)User的根類聲明，如AbstractUserAction，這里重復(fù)為了看得清楚些

public List getAllUsers() {
    userManager.getAllUsers();
}

public List getOnlineUsers() {
    userManager.getOnlineUsers();
}

<action name="listuser" class="com.caryo.user.actions.ListUserAction">
    <external-ref name="userManager">userManager</external-ref>
    <result name="success" type="dispatcher">listuser.jsp</result>
</action>

<ww:iteraor value="allUsers">
userId: <ww:property value="id" />
userName: <ww:property value="name" />
</ww:iterator>

<ww:iteraor value="onlineUsers">
userId: <ww:property value="id" />
userName: <ww:property value="name" />
</ww:iterator>

public class HibernateVehicleDAO extends CaryoHibernateObjectDAO implements VehicleDAO {
   
        Class vehicleClass;

        public Class getPersistentClass() {
                return vehicleClass != null ? vehicleClass : (vehicleClass = Vehicle.class);
        }
       
        public Vehicle getById(final long id) {
        return (Vehicle) getByClassId(id);
        }

        public List findAllGlobalVehicles() {
                return findNamedQuery("caryo.vehicle_findAllGlobalVehicles");
        }
}

<query name="caryo.vehicle_findAllGlobalVehicles"><![CDATA[
    from Vehicle vehicle
]]></query>