黄色毛片在线看,宅男网站在线免费观看,视频在线91

ivaneeo — Thu, 20 Feb 2014 11:49:00 GMT

如何杀��d��进�E�呢�Q?/h2>
一般僵��进�E�很隄��接kill掉，不过您可以kill僵尸爸爸。父�q�程��d��Q�僵��进�E�成�?#8221;孤儿�q�程”�Q�过�l�给1可��E�init�Q�init始终会负责清理僵��进�E�．它��生的所有僵��进�E�也跟着消失�?/p>

ps -e -o ppid,stat | grep Z | cut -d” ” -f2 | xargs kill -9

�?/p>
kill -HUP `ps -A -ostat,ppid | grep -e ’^[Zz]‘ | awk ’{print $2}’`

当然您可以自��q��写更好的shell脚本�Q�欢�q�与大家分��n�?/p>

另外子进�E�死后，会发送SIGCHLD信号�l�父�q�程�Q�父�q�程收到此信号后�Q�执行waitpid()函数为子�q�程收尸。就是基于这��L��原理�Q�就��父�q?�E�没有调用wait�Q�内�怹�会向它发送SIGCHLD消息�Q�而此�Ӟ��管对它的默认处理是忽略�Q�如果想响应�q�个消息�Q�可以设�|�一个处理函数�?/p>

ivaneeo 2014-02-20 19:49 发表评论

Linux下高�q�发socket最大连接数(�?

ivaneeo — Fri, 15 Nov 2013 12:00:00 GMT

　Linux下高�q�发socket最大连接数所受的限制问题

　　1、修改用戯��E�可打开文�g数限�?/p>

　　在Linux�q�_��上，无论�~�写客户端程序还是服务端�E�序�Q�在�q�行高�ƈ发TCP�q�接处理�Ӟ��最高的�q�发数量都要受到�pȝ��对用户单一�q�程同时可打开文�g数量的限�?�q�是因�ؓ�pȝ��为每个TCP�q�接都要创徏一个socket句柄�Q�每个socket句柄同时也是一个文件句�?。可使用ulimit命��o查看�pȝ��允许当前用户�q�程打开的文件数限制�Q?/p>

　　[speng@as4 ~]$ ulimit -n

　　1024

　　�q�表�C�当前用��L��每个�q�程最多允许同时打开1024个文�Ӟ��q?024个文件中�q�得除去每个�q�程必然打开的标准输入，标准输出�Q�标准错误，服务�?/a>监听 socket,�q�程间通讯�?a id="k530834966" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: #333333; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #d30010;">unix域socket�{�文�Ӟ��那么剩下的可用于客户端socket�q�接的文件数��只有大�?024-10=1014个左叟뀂也��是说缺省情况下�Q�基于Linux的通讯�E�序最多允许同�?014个TCP�q�发�q�接�?/p>

　　对于��x��持更高数量的TCP�q�发�q�接的通讯处理�E�序�Q�就必须修改Linux对当前用��L��q�程同时打开的文件数量的软限�?soft limit)和硬限制(hardlimit)。其中��Y限制是指Linux在当前系�l�能够承受的范围内进一步限制用户同时打开的文件数;��限制则是根据系�l�硬件资源状�?主要是系�l�内�?计算出来的系�l�最多可同时打开的文件数量。通常软限制小于或�{�于��限制�?/p>

　　修改上述限制的最��单的办法��是使用ulimit命��o�Q?/p>

　　[speng@as4 ~]$ ulimit -n

　　上述命��o中，在中指定要设�|�的单一�q�程允许打开的最大文件数。如果系�l�回昄��g��"Operation notpermitted"之类的话�Q�说明上�q�限制修改失败，实际上是因�ؓ在中指定的数��D��q�了Linux�pȝ��对该用户打开文�g数的软限制或��限制。因此，��需要修改Linux�pȝ��对用��L��关于打开文�g数的软限制和��限制�?/p>

　　�W�一步，修改/etc/security/limits.conf文�g�Q�在文�g中添加如下行�Q?/p>

　　speng soft nofile 10240

　　speng hard nofile 10240

　　其中speng指定了要修改哪个用户的打开文�g数限�Ӟ��可用'*'可��C�Z��Ҏ��有用��L��限制;

　　soft或hard指定要修改��Y限制�q�是��限�?10240则指定了惌��修改的新的限制��|��x��大打开文�g�?��h��意��Y限制��D��于或等于硬限制)。修改完后保存文件�?/p>

　　�W�二步，修改/etc/pam.d/login文�g�Q�在文�g中添加如下行�Q?/p>

　　session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so �q�是告诉Linux在用户完成系�l�登录后�Q�应该调用pam_limits.so模块来设�|�系�l�对该用户可使用的各�U�资源数量的最大限�?包括用户可打开的最大文件数限制)�Q�而pam_limits.so模块��׃��?etc/security/limits.conf文�g中读取配�|�来讄��q�些限制倹{��修改完后保存此文�g�?/p>

　　�W�三步，查看Linux�pȝ��U�的最大打开文�g数限�Ӟ��使用如下命��o�Q?/p>

　　[speng@as4 ~]$ cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max

　　12158

　　�q�表明这台Linux�pȝ��最多允许同时打开(卛_��含所有用��h��开文�g数��d��)12158个文�Ӟ��是Linux�pȝ��U�硬限制�Q�所有用��L�的打开文�g数限刉��不应��过�q�个数倹{��通常�q�个�pȝ��U�硬限制是Linux�pȝ��在启动时�Ҏ��pȝ��g资源状况计算出来的最佳的最大同时打开文�g数限�Ӟ��如果没有�Ҏ��需要，不应该修�Ҏ��限制�Q�除非想为用��L�打开文�g数限制设�|�超�q�此限制的倹{�?/p>

　　修改此硬限制的方法是修改/etc/rc.local脚本�Q�在脚本中添加如下行�Q?/p>

　　echo 22158 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max

　　�q�是让Linux在启动完成后��系�l��打开文�g数硬限制讄��?2158.修改完后保存此文件�?/p>

　　完成上述步骤后重启系�l�，一般情况下��可以将Linux�pȝ��Ҏ��定用��L��单一�q�程允许同时打开的最大文件数限制设�ؓ指定的数倹{��如果重启后�?ulimit-n命��o查看用户可打开文�g数限制仍然低于上�q�步骤中讄��的最大��|��q�可能是因�ؓ在用��L��录脚�?etc/profile中��用ulimit -n命��o已经��用户可同时打开的文件数做了限制。由于通过ulimit-n修改�pȝ��对用户可同时打开文�g的最大数限制�Ӟ��C��改的值只能小于或�{�于上次 ulimit-n讄��的��|��因此想用此命令增大这个限制值是不可能的�?/p>

　　所以，如果有上�q�问题存在，��只能去打开/etc/profile脚本文�g�Q�在文�g中查找是否��用了ulimit-n限制了用户可同时打开的最大文件数量，如果扑ֈ��Q�则删除�q�行命��o�Q�或者将其设�|�的值改为合适的��|��然后保存文�g�Q�用户退出�ƈ重新��d��pȝ��卛_��?通过上述步骤�Q�就为支持高�q�发TCP�q�接处理的通讯处理�E�序解除关于打开文�g数量斚w��的系�l�限制�?/p>

　　2、修改网�l�内核对TCP�q�接的有关限�?/p>

　　在Linux上编写支持高�q�发TCP�q�接的客��L��通讯处理�E�序�Ӟ��有时会发现尽��已�l�解除了�pȝ��对用户同时打开文�g数的限制�Q�但仍会出现�q�发TCP�q�接数增加到一定数量时�Q�再也无法成功徏立新的TCP�q�接的现象。出现这�U�现在的原因有多�U��?/p>

　　�W�一�U�原因可能是因�ؓLinux�|�络内核�Ҏ��地端口号范围有限制。此�Ӟ��q�一步分析�ؓ什么无法徏立TCP�q�接�Q�会发现问题出在connect()调用�q�回��p�|�Q�查看系�l�错误提�C�消息是"Can't assign requestedaddress".同时�Q�如果在此时用tcpdump工具监视�|�络�Q�会发现�Ҏ��没有TCP�q�接时客��L��发SYN包的�|�络��量。这些情况说明问题在于本地Linux�pȝ��内核中有限制�?/p>

　　其实�Q�问题的�Ҏ��原因在于Linux内核�?a id="k530840217" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: #333333; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #d30010;">TCP/IP协议实现模块对系�l�中所有的客户端TCP�q�接对应的本地端口号的范围进行了限制(例如�Q�内栔R��制本地端口号的范围�ؓ1024~32768之间)。当�pȝ��中某一时刻同时存在太多的TCP客户端连接时�Q�由于每个TCP客户端连接都要占用一个唯一的本地端口号(此端口号在系�l�的本地端口可��围限制中)�Q�如果现有的TCP客户端连接已��所有的本地端口号占满，则此时就无法为新的TCP客户端连接分配一个本地端口号了，因此�pȝ��会在�q�种情况下在connect()调用中返回失败，�q�将错误提示消息设�ؓ"Can't assignrequested address".

　　有关�q�些控制逻辑可以查看Linux内核源代码，以linux2.6内核��Z��Q�可以查看tcp_ipv4.c文�g中如下函敎ͼ�

　　static int tcp_v4_hash_connect(struct sock *sk)

　　��h��意上�q�函��C��对变量sysctl_local_port_range的访问控制。变量sysctl_local_port_range的初始化则是在tcp.c文�g中的如下函数中设�|�：

　　void __init tcp_init(void)

　　内核�~�译旉��认设�|�的本地端口可��围可能太��，因此需要修�Ҏ��本地端口范围限制�?/p>

　　�W�一步，修改/etc/sysctl.conf文�g�Q�在文�g中添加如下行�Q?/p>

　　net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000

　　�q�表明将�pȝ��Ҏ��地端口范围限制设�|��ؓ1024~65000之间。请注意�Q�本地端口范围的最��值必��d��于或�{�于1024;而端口范围的最大值则应小于或�{�于65535.修改完后保存此文件�?/p>

　　�W�二步，执行sysctl命��o�Q?/p>

　　[speng@as4 ~]$ sysctl -p

　　如果�pȝ��没有错误提示�Q�就表明新的本地端口范围讄��成功。如果按上述端口范围�q�行讄��Q�则理论上单独一个进�E�最多可以同时徏�?0000多个TCP客户端连接�?/p>

　　�W�二�U�无法徏立TCP�q�接的原因可能是因�ؓLinux�|�络内核的IP_TABLE防火�?/a>�Ҏ��大跟�t�的TCP�q�接数有限制。此时程序会表现为在 connect()调用中阻塞，如同��L��Q�如果用tcpdump工具监视�|�络�Q�也会发现根本没有TCP�q�接时客��L��发SYN包的�|�络��量。由�?IP_TABLE防火墙在内核中会�Ҏ��个TCP�q�接的状态进行跟�t�，跟踪信息��会攑֜�位于内核内存中的conntrackdatabase中，�q�个数据�?/a>的大��有限，当系�l�中存在�q�多的TCP�q�接�Ӟ��数据库容量不��I��IP_TABLE无法为新的TCP�q�接建立跟踪信息�Q�于是表��Cؓ在connect()调用中阻塞。此时就必须修改内核�Ҏ��大跟�t�的TCP�q�接数的限制�Q�方法同修改内核�Ҏ��地端口号范围的限制是�c�M��的：

　　�W�一步，修改/etc/sysctl.conf文�g�Q�在文�g中添加如下行�Q?/p>

　　net.ipv4.ip_conntrack_max = 10240

　　�q�表明将�pȝ��Ҏ��大跟�t�的TCP�q�接数限制设�|��ؓ10240.��h��意，此限制��D��量��，以节省对内核内存的占用�?/p>

　　�W�二步，执行sysctl命��o�Q?/p>

　　[speng@as4 ~]$ sysctl -p

　　如果�pȝ��没有错误提示�Q�就表明�pȝ��Ҏ��的最大跟�t�的TCP�q�接数限制修�Ҏ��功。如果按上述参数�q�行讄��Q�则理论上单独一个进�E�最多可以同时徏�?0000多个TCP客户端连接�?/p>

　　3、��用支持高�q�发�|�络I/O的编�E�技术在Linux上编写高�q�发TCP�q�接应用�E�序�Ӟ��必须使用合适的�|�络I/O技术和I/O事�g分派机制。可用的I/O技术有同步I/O,非阻塞式同步I/O(也称反应式I/O)�Q�以及异步I/O.在高TCP�q�发的情形下�Q�如果��用同步I/O,�q�会严重��d��E�序的运转，除非为每个TCP�q�接的I/O创徏一个线�E��?/p>

　　但是�Q�过多的�U�程又会因系�l�对�U�程的调度造成巨大开销。因此，在高TCP�q�发的情形下使用同步 I/O是不可取的，�q�时可以考虑使用非阻塞式同步I/O或异步I/O.非阻塞式同步I/O的技术包括��用select()�Q�poll()�Q�epoll�{�机制。异步I/O的技术就是��用AIO.

　　从I/O事�g分派机制来看�Q��用select()是不合适的�Q�因为它所支持的�ƈ发连接数有限(通常�?024个以�?。如果考虑性能�Q�poll()也是不合适的�Q�尽��它可以支持的较高的TCP�q�发敎ͼ�但是�׃��光��?轮询"机制�Q�当�q�发数较高时�Q�其�q�行效率相当低，�q�可能存在I/O事�g分派不均�Q�导致部分TCP�q�接上的I/O出现"饥饿"现象。而如果��用epoll或AIO,则没有上�q�问�?早期Linux内核的AIO技术实现是通过在内�怸�为每�?I/O��h��创徏一个线�E�来实现的，�q�种实现机制在高�q�发TCP�q�接的情形下使用其实也有严重的性能问题。但在最新的Linux内核中，AIO的实现已�l�得到改�q?�?/p>

　　�l�g��所�q�ͼ�在开发支持高�q�发TCP�q�接的Linux应用�E�序�Ӟ��应尽量��用epoll或AIO技术来实现�q�发的TCP�q�接上的I/O控制�Q�这��ؓ提升�E�序寚w��q�发TCP�q�接的支持提供有效的I/O保证�?/p>

　　内核参数sysctl.conf的优�?/p>

　　/etc/sysctl.conf 是用来控制linux�|�络的配�|�文�Ӟ��对于依赖�|�络的程�?�?a id="k530844826" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: #333333; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #d30010;">web服务�?/a>和cache服务�?非常重要�Q�RHEL默认提供的最好调整�?/p>

　　net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65536

　　net.core.rmem_max=16777216

　　net.core.wmem_max=16777216

　　net.ipv4.tcp_rmem=4096 87380 16777216

　　net.ipv4.tcp_wmem=4096 65536 16777216

　　net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10

　　net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1

　　net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0

　　net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 0

　　net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0

　　net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 30000

　　net.ipv4.tcp_no_metrics_save=1

　　net.core.somaxconn = 262144

　　net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 0

　　net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 262144

　　net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144

　　net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2

　　net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2

　　�q�个配置参考于cache服务器varnish的推荐配�|�和SunOne 服务器系�l?/a>优化的推荐配�|��?/p>

　　打不开�Q�重启浏览器后正常。可能是国外的网速快吧，我们国情军_��需要调�?net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10",�?0s的情况下�Q�一切正�?实际�q�行�l�论)�?/p>

　　修改完毕后，执行�Q?/p>

　　/sbin/sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf

　　/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

　　命��o生效。�ؓ了保险�v见，也可以reboot�pȝ��?/p>

　　调整文�g敎ͼ�

　　linux�pȝ��优化完网�l�必��调高系�l�允许打开的文件数才能支持大的�q�发�Q�默�?024是远�q�不够的�?/p>

　　执行命��o�Q?/p>

　　Shell代码

　　echo ulimit -HSn 65536 �?/etc/rc.local

　　echo ulimit -HSn 65536 �?root/.bash_profile

　　ulimit -HSn 65536

ivaneeo 2013-11-15 20:00 发表评论

Ubuntu 报too many open files错误解决�Ҏ��(�?

ivaneeo — Fri, 15 Nov 2013 11:58:00 GMT

如何讄��呢，官方是这��L��Q?/span>

�W�一步：配置/etc/security/limits.conf

sudo vim /etc/security/limits.conf 文�g���追�? * hard nofile 40960 * soft nofile 40960

4096可以自己讄��Q�四列参数的讄��见英文，��单讲一下：

�W�一列，可以是用��P��也可以是�l�，要用@group�q�样的语法，也可以是通配�W�如*%

�W�二列，两个��|��hard�Q�硬限制�Q�soft�Q��Y仉��Ӟ��一般来说soft要比hard��，hard是底�U�，军_��不能��过�Q�超�q�soft报警�Q�直到hard�?/span>

�W�三列，见列表，打开文�g数是nofile

�W�四列，数量�Q�这个也不能讄��太大

�W�二步：/etc/pam.d/su(官方)�?etc/pam.d/common-session(�|�络)

sudo vim /etc/pam.d/su ��?pam_limits.so �q�一行注释去�? 重�v�pȝ��

sudo vim /etc/pam.d/common-session 加上以下一�?session required pam_limits.so

打开/etc/pam.d/su�Q�发现是包含/etc/pam.d/common-session�q�个文�g的，所以修改哪个文仉��应该是可以的

我的修改是在/etc/pam.d/common-session文�g中进行的�?/span>

官方只到�W�二步，��重启系�l�了�Q�没有第三步�Q�好象不行，感觉是不是全是第三步的作用？�Q?/span>

�W�三步：配置/etc/profile

最后一行加�?/span>

ulimit -SHn 40960

重启�Q�ulimit -n 验证�Q�显�C?0960��没问题�?/span>

注意以上三步均是要��用root权限�q�行修改�?/span>

ivaneeo 2013-11-15 19:58 发表评论

infinispan linux内核调优

ivaneeo — Thu, 14 Nov 2013 09:56:00 GMT

/etc/sysctl.conf

net.core.rmem_default = 25696000

net.core.rmem_max = 25696000

net.core.wmem_default = 25696000

net.core.wmem_max = 25696000

net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0

net.ipv4.tcp_sack =1

net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1

hotrod方式�Q?br />

nohup ./bin/startServer.sh -r hotrod -l 172.20.21.1 -c ./etc/config-samples/distributed-udp.xml -p 11222 &

ivaneeo 2013-11-14 17:56 发表评论

debian6开机启动脚本的�Ҏ��

ivaneeo — Sun, 29 Sep 2013 06:45:00 GMT

在debian6中，加入开机启动脚本的�Ҏ��与debian5不同了，直接做符号链接到runlevel已经不�v作用了，提示�~�少LSB信息�Q��ƈ且用insserv来替代update-rc.d�Q?/p>

root@14:/etc/rc2.d# update-rc.d -n php_fastcgi.sh defaults
update-rc.d: using dependency based boot sequencing
insserv: warning: script 'K02php_fastcgi' missing LSB tags and overrides
insserv: warning: script 'K01php_fastcgi.sh' missing LSB tags and overrides
insserv: warning: script 'php_fastcgi.sh' missing LSB tags and overrides
insserv: warning: current start runlevel(s) (empty) of script `php_fastcgi.sh' overwrites defaults (2 3 4 5).
insserv: warning: current stop runlevel(s) (0) of script `php_fastcgi.sh' overwrites defaults (0 1 6).
insserv: dryrun, not creating .depend.boot, .depend.start, and .depend.stop

# insserv /etc/init.d/php_fastcgi.sh
insserv: warning: script 'K02php_fastcgi' missing LSB tags and overrides
insserv: warning: script 'php_fastcgi.sh' missing LSB tags and overrides

debian6中将脚本加入到开机启动的�Ҏ��Q?/p>

在脚本中加入LSB描述信息�?br /> root@14:~# more /etc/init.d/php_fastcgi.sh
#!/bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          php_fastcgi.sh
# Required-Start:    $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog
# Required-Stop:     $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: starts the php_fastcgi daemon
# Description:       starts php_fastcgi using start-stop-daemon
### END INIT INFO

安装启动脚本到system init script�?br /> root@14:~# insserv -v -d /etc/init.d/php_fastcgi.sh

重启机器试试吧�?/p>

ivaneeo 2013-09-29 14:45 发表评论

Authenticate Windows to Unix Kerberos

ivaneeo — Sat, 18 May 2013 07:04:00 GMT

Kerberos Server Configuration

These notes are for MIT Kerberos 1.3 or higher.

/etc/krb5.conf

The /etc/krb5.conf configuration file should include rc4-hmac support under the [libdefaults] section. Windows XP uses rc4-hmac. However, do not include rc4-hmac in the default* encryption types, as older Unix clients may not support rc4-hmac.

[libdefaults]
default_realm = EXAMPLE.ORG
default_etypes = des3-hmac-sha1 des-cbc-crc
default_tkt_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1 des-cbc-crc
default_tgs_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1 des-cbc-crc
permitted_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1 des-cbc-crc rc4-hmac
dns_lookup_realm = false
dns_lookup_kdc = true

kdc.conf

The kdc.conf configuration file on the Kerberos servers must support rc4-hmac as an encryption type.

[realms]
EXAMPLE.ORG = {
database_name = /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/principal
key_stash_file = /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/.k5.EXAMPLE.ORG
supported_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1:normal des-cbc-crc:normal ?
rc4-hmac:normal
}

Windows Client Setup

Kerberos Configuration

Use the ksetup.exe command to add the site Kerberos servers.

$ ksetup.exe /addkdc EXAMPLE.ORG kerberos-1.example.org
$ ksetup.exe /addkdc EXAMPLE.ORG kerberos-2.example.org
$ ksetup.exe /addkdc EXAMPLE.ORG kerberos.example.org
$ ksetup.exe /addkpasswd EXAMPLE.ORG kerberos.example.org
$ ksetup.exe /setrealm EXAMPLE.ORG

Host principals

Create host principals on each Windows client, then use the same password to create an equivalent principal in the MIT Kerberos database. If using an installation system such as Unattended, use a script to generate the random password and setup the host principal.

#!/usr/bin/perl

my $domain = 'example.org';

my $password = '';
my @chars = grep { /[[:print:]]/ and /\S/ } map { chr } 1..128;
$password .= $chars[rand @chars] for 1..(int (rand 7)) + 8;

system qw{ksetup.exe /setcomputerpassword}, $password;

print "Principal: host/", lc( $ENV{COMPUTERNAME} ), ".$domain\n";
print "Password: $password\n";

Then, use kdamin to add an equivalent principal to the Kerberos database, using the same password as above. Use the -e rc4-hmac:normal encryption option if adding a principal for a Windows XP system.

kadmin: ank -e rc4-hmac:normal host/client.example.org

User Mapping

User mapping translates local accounts to the Kerberos domain. See module:users for user account management under CFEngine.

$ ksetup.exe /mapuser * *

Samba

Windows clients can authenticate to Samba using Kerberos. Use Samba version 3.0.14a or higher on the server, and enable Kerberos support in the smb.conf configuration file.

[global]
use kerberos keytab = yes
realm = EXAMPLE.ORG
security = ads

Multiple host and cifs principals must be created for each Samba server, as principals are case sensitive, and Windows systems may randomly start using Server.example.org or SERVER.EXAMPLE.ORG when connecting. Extract these principals to the /etc/krb5.keytab file on each Samba server.

kadmin: ank -randkey host/server.example.org
kadmin: ank -randkey host/Server.example.org
kadmin: ank -randkey host/SERVER.EXAMPLE.ORG
kadmin: ank -randkey cifs/server.example.org
kadmin: ank -randkey cifs/Server.example.org
kadmin: ank -randkey cifs/SERVER.EXAMPLE.ORG
kadmin: ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab host/server.example.org
kadmin: ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab host/Server.example.org
kadmin: ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab host/SERVER.EXAMPLE.ORG
kadmin: ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab cifs/server.example.org
kadmin: ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab cifs/Server.example.org
kadmin: ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab cifs/SERVER.EXAMPLE.ORG

ivaneeo 2013-05-18 15:04 发表评论

ivaneeo — Tue, 18 Apr 2006 12:40:00 GMT

�l�于弄好了！�׃��好几天时间。弄到现在还是有问题�Q�比如终�?br />的字体还是没有我办公室Fedora中的好看�Q�这里的�l�端字体�?br />较小�Q�而fedora中的比较大，很圆滑圆满�?/p>

下面是我在blog上写的笔记。同时帖几张图，大家看看�Q�指�Ҏ��炏V�?/p>

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
以server安装的，再装desktop�Q?/p>

Ubuntu安装�W�记
再等�{�Dapper的Release版本。记下安装Breezy的过�E��?/p>

1�Q�首先用Ubuntu 5.1的安装盘全新安装。采用缺省安装，不用server模式�?br />2�Q�安装完成后�Q�修�Ҏ��城域中的源。sudo vi /etc/apt/source.list
3�Q�设�|�locale: sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales选中zh_CN.UTF-8
4�Q�安装中文语�a�支持�Q�sudo apt-get install language-pack-gnome-zh language-pack-gnome-zh-base language-pack-zh language-pack-zh-base language-support-zh
5�Q�安装中文字体：sudo apt-get install ttf-arphic-ukai ttf-arphic-uming
6�Q�安装输入法scim:
$sudo apt-get install scim scim-modules-socket scim-modules-table scim-pinyin scim-tables-zh scim-input-pad

$sudo sh -c " echo 'export XMODIFIERS=@im=SCIM ; export GTK_IM_MODULE="scim" ; scim -d ' > /etc/X11/Xsession.d/95xinput "

$sudo chmod +755 /etc/X11/Xsession.d/95xinput

7�Q�设�|�LC_ALL和其它属性：
sudo gedit /etc/environment
需要��用英文界面，��内容修改如�?

LANGUAGE="en_US:en"
LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.UTF-8
LANG=en_GB.UTF-8
GST_ID3_TAG_ENCODING=GBK

保存�Q�关闭编辑器好了�Q�注销一下电脑。输入法 (�?Ctrl + �I�格键激�z�输入法) 都应该可以��用了�?/p>

8�Q�中文粗体美化：按照手工升��freetype&ibXft在Ubuntu 5.10 下实现粗�?br />实现�Ҏ��Q�详见：http://forum.ubuntu.org.cn/viewtopic.php?p=40191#40191

9�Q�安装必要的字体�Q?br />安装msttcorefonts: sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
使用winxp下面的字体：cd /usr/share/fonts/truetype
sudo mkdir windows
cd windows
sudo cp /media/hda1/windows/Fonts/simsun.ttc .
(我的winxp盘挂在在/media/hda1/下面�Q?br />�q�把tahmo*�Q�等字体copy�q�来�?/p>

10�Q�安装JAVA环境�Q?br />sudo apt-get install sun-j2re1.5
sudo ln -sf /usr/lib/j2re1.5-sun/bin/java /usr/bin/java

11�Q�安装QQ�Q?br />1.下蝲�q�安�?/p>

wget -c http://download.ubuntu.org.cn/software/lumaqq_2005-linux_gtk2_x86_no_jre.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf lumaqq_2005-linux_gtk2_x86_no_jre.tar.gz -C /opt/
wget -c http://download.ubuntu.org.cn/software/lumaqq_2005_patch_2006.01.30.02.00.zip
sudo unzip -o lumaqq_2005_patch_2006.01.30.02.00.zip -d /opt/LumaQQ/lib
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/LumaQQ/
sudo chmod -R 755 /opt/LumaQQ/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/LumaQQ.desktop

2.在新增的文�g内加入下面这几行

[Desktop Entry]
Name=LumaQQ
Comment=QQ Client
Exec=/opt/LumaQQ/lumaqq
Icon=/opt/LumaQQ/QQ.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

3.保存�~�辑�q�的文�g 安装完成后的快捷方式�?应用�E�序 -> internat -> LumaQQ)�?/p>

12�Q�安装acroread�Q�sudo apt-get install acroread

13�Q�安装firefox 1.5.0.1:
a) 从官�|�上down下来�Q�解压到/opt/下面
b)做个链接�Q�sudo ln -sf /opt/firefox/firefox /usr/bin/

14�Q�安装flash支持�Q?br />sudo apt-get install flashplayer-mozilla
��g��把插件安装在�pȝ��带的firefox目录中，把插件copy�q�来
sudo cp /usr/lib/mo*fox/plugins/*flash* /opt/firefox/plugins/

15�Q�安装多媒体�Q?br />sudo apt-get install beep-media-player totem-xine w32codecs gstreamer0.8-plugins
�q�里依赖关系有问题，要删除相关的东西

16�Q�安装编�E�环境：sudo apt-get install build-essential
17�Q�安装gnuplot: sudo apt-get install gnuplot
18�Q�安装窗口管理器��程序：sudo apt-get install nautilus-open-terminal
19�Q�设�|�机��地址�Q�sudo vi /etc/hosts ��d��相关机器的地址
20�Q�设�|�公寓网�l�登录脚本：
21�Q�换个wallpaper�Q?br />22�Q�安装matlab, mathematica, perl, mpi�{�等自己专业相关的库以及�E�序
22�Q�上�|�，听歌�Q�看电媄�Q�看代码�Q�学习等�{?/p>

参考链接：
1�Q�快速设�|�指�?a >http://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97
2�Q�手工升�U�freetype&ibXft在Ubuntu 5.10 下实现粗�?br />http://forum.ubuntu.org.cn/viewtopic.php?p=40191#40191
3�Q�forum.ubuntu.org.cn
4�Q�smth.org
5�Q�kyxk.net

ivaneeo 2006-04-18 20:40 发表评论

播放字幕

ivaneeo — Fri, 11 Nov 2005 04:33:00 GMT

一�Q�添加源代码源：
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
增加
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ breezy main restricted universe multiverse

二：下蝲源代码，�~�译�?xine-fontconv �Q?
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get source libxine1c2
cd xine-lib-1.0.1/misc/
sudo gcc -o /usr/local/bin/xine-fontconv xine-fontconv.c `freetype-config --cflags --libs`

三：生成中文字体
cd /usr/share/xine/libxine1/fonts
sudo xine-fontconv /usr/share/fonts/zh_CN/TrueType/SIMSUN.TTF simsun gb18030

四：修改totem的配�|�：
gedit ~/.gnome2/totem_config
扑ֈ�中间的项目修改�ؓ�Q?
subtitles.separate.font:simsun
subtitles.separate.src_encoding:gb18030

五：播放�Q?
totem file:///home/ubuntu/av/[地狱��探].Constantine.DVDRip.XviD.CD1- DoNE.avi#subtitle:file:///home/ubuntu/av/[地狱��探]. Constantine.DVDRip.XviD.CD1-DoNE.chs.srt

六：mplayer的解军_��法：
mplayer [地狱��探].Constantine.DVDRip.XviD.CD1-DoNE.avi -sub [地狱��探].Constantine.DVDRip.XviD.CD1-DoNE.chs.srt -subcp cp936 -font /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf-vera-yuan/VeraSansYuanTi-Regular.ttf

mplayer 如果希望默认字体��支持中�?

1、修改~/.mplayer/config文�g中间的项目�ؓ�Q?
font=/usr/share/fonts/zh_CN/TrueType/SIMSUN.TTF
subcp=cp936

2、修改`/.mplayer/gui.conf文�g中间的项目�ؓ�Q?
sub_auto_load = "yes"
sub_unicode = "yes"
sub_pos = "99"
sub_overlap = "no"
sub_cp = "cp936"
font_factor = "0.750000"
font_name = "/usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf-vera-yuan/VeraSansYuanTi-Regular.ttf"
font_encoding = "unicode"

ivaneeo 2005-11-11 12:33 发表评论

ivaneeo — Fri, 11 Nov 2005 04:31:00 GMT

自己��d��服务器，例如�Q?br>     BiG BanG 9                          80.239.200.108:3000
    WWW.SEXESEXOSEX.COM 66.135.34.198:8270
    WWW.UseNeXT.to               212.112.243.146:4661
    DonkeyServerNo5               62.241.53.4:4242

在firefox里添加ed2k�q�接�Q?br> 1、在地址栏输入about:config�Q�进入配�|�页�?

2、在列表上单��d��键，新徏一个布��?Boolean)��|��名字是network.protocol-handler.external.ed2k�Q��gؓtrue�?

3、再新徏一个字�W�串�?String)�Q�名字是network.protocol-handler.app.ed2k�Q��gؓ你的启动�E�序�Q�我在Linux下用aMule�Q�所以是�?usr/bin/ed2k.amule”�?

�q�样�Q�当点出ed2k://的链接里��׃��把地址加入相应软�g了�?

ivaneeo 2005-11-11 12:31 发表评论

使kpdf和gpdf正确昄��中文

ivaneeo — Tue, 08 Nov 2005 01:20:00 GMT

安装xpdf�Q��ƈ且安装xpdf-chinese-simplified和xpdf-chinese-traditional�?br> �?etc/xpdf/xpdfrc文�g�Q�考到$HOME目录改名�?xpdfrc�?br>

ivaneeo 2005-11-08 09:20 发表评论

ubuntu讄��字体为macOSX风格

ivaneeo — Tue, 08 Nov 2005 01:08:00 GMT

首先要安装yuanti字体�?br> 修改/etc/fonts/font.conf文�g�Q�改为：

   /usr/share/fonts
   /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1 /usr/local/share/fonts
   ~/.fonts



         mono


         monospace





         sans serif


         sans-serif





         sans


         sans-serif




      Bitstream Vera Serif
      Vera Sans YuanTi
      Times
      Times New Roman
      Nimbus Roman No9 L
      Luxi Serif
      Kochi Mincho
      AR PL SungtiL GB
      AR PL Mingti2L Big5
      Baekmuk Batang
      FreeSerif
      serif



      Bitstream Vera Sans
      Vera Sans YuanTi
      Helvetica
      Arial
      Verdana
      Nimbus Sans L
      Luxi Sans
      Kochi Gothic
      AR PL KaitiM GB
      AR PL KaitiM Big5
      Baekmuk Dotum
      SimSun
      FreeSans
      sans-serif



      Bitstream Vera Sans Mono
      Vera Sans YuanTi Mono
      Courier
      Courier New
      Andale Mono
      Luxi Mono
      Nimbus Mono L
      SimSun
      FreeMono
      monospace




         sans-serif


         serif


         monospace


         sans-serif





      GulimChe
      false



      DotumChe
      false



      BatangChe
      false



      GungsuhChe
      false





         Bitstream Vera Sans


         7.5


         false





         Bitstream Vera Serif


         7.5


         false





         Bitstream Vera Sans Mono


         7.5


         false





      Times
      Times New Roman


      Helvetica
      Verdana


      Arial
      Verdana


      Courier
      Courier New




                   true


                   Helvetica


                   Arial





                   true


                   Times


                   Times New Roman




      serif

         Bitstream Vera Serif
         Vera Sans YuanTi
         Times New Roman
         Nimbus Roman No9 L
         Luxi Serif
         Times
         Frank Ruehl
         Kochi Mincho
         AR PL SungtiL GB
         AR PL Mingti2L Big5
         Baekmuk Batang
         FreeSerif



      sans-serif

         Bitstream Vera Sans
         Vera Sans YuanTi
         Verdana
         Nimbus Sans L
         Luxi Sans
         Arial
         Helvetica
         Nachlieli
         Kochi Gothic
         AR PL KaitiM GB
         AR PL KaitiM Big5
         Baekmuk Dotum
         SimSun
         FreeSans



      monospace

         Bitstream Vera Sans Mono
         Vera Sans YuanTi Mono
         Andale Mono
         Courier New
         Luxi Mono
         Nimbus Mono L
         Miriam Mono
         Kochi Gothic
         AR PL KaitiM GB
         Baekmuk Dotum
         FreeMono






         roman



         roman




            matrix
            10.2
               01





         oblique






         0x0020
         0x00a0
         0x00ad
         0x115f
         0x1160
         0x1680
         0x2000
         0x2001
         0x2002
         0x2003
         0x2004
         0x2005
         0x2006
         0x2007
         0x2008
         0x2009
         0x200a
         0x200b
         0x200c
         0x200d
         0x200e
         0x200f
         0x2028
         0x2029
         0x202a
         0x202b
         0x202c
         0x202d
         0x202e
         0x202f
         0x205f
         0x2060
         0x2061
         0x2062
         0x2063
         0x206A
         0x206B
         0x206C
         0x206D
         0x206E
         0x206F
         0x3000
         0x3164
         0xfeff
         0xffa0
         0xfff9
         0xfffa
         0xfffb



         30







   Vera Sans YuanTi
   false

   Vera Sans YuanTi Mono
   false

   true
   false
   false
   hintnone
   false

ivaneeo 2005-11-08 09:08 发表评论

ivaneeo — Sat, 05 Nov 2005 06:33:00 GMT

$gcc -o bifurcation bifurcation.c -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11

ivaneeo 2005-11-05 14:33 发表评论

Debian APT HOWTO

ivaneeo — Tue, 04 Oct 2005 08:39:00 GMT

概要
本文档的写作目的是帮助用户了解Debian包管理工具——APT的工作原理，我们的目标是��化Debian新用��L��生活以及为那些希望深入了解系�l�管理的人提供帮助。它也是为Debian��目�l�而作的，以帮助改善其为发行版提供技术支持的工作质量�?

版权声明
Copyright ? 2001, 2002 Gustavo Noronha Silva

This manual is licensed under the terms of the GNU FDL (Free Documentation License). It has been written in the hope that it will be useful to the community but it comes with no warranty; use it at your own risk.

1.��D��
2.基础讄��
2.1 /etc/apt/sources.list文�g
2.2 怎样在本��C��用APT
2.3 选择最佳镜像发布站点加入source.list文�g�Q�netselect�Q�netselect-apt
2.4 ��CD-ROM加入source.list文�g
3.软�g包管�?
3.1 更新可用软�g包列�?
3.2 安装软�g�?
3.3 �U�除软�g�?
3.4 更新软�g�?
3.5 升��到新版本
3.6 �U�除无用软�g包文�Ӟ��apt-get clean and autoclean
3.7 在dselect中操作APT
3.8 如何keep a mixed system
3.9 如何从Debian的专用版本下升��软�g�?
3.10 如何�l�护已安装��Y件包的多个版本（复杂�Q?
4.非常有用的助�?
4.1 如何安装本地�~�译的��Y件包�Q�equivs
4.2 �U�除无用的locale files文�g�Q�localepurge
4.3 如何知晓哪些软�g包可以升�U?
5.获取软�g包信�?
5.1 获得软�g包名�U?
5.2 使用dpkg查找软�g包名�U?
5.3 如何“按需”安装��Y件包
5.4 如何知道文�g属于哪个软�g�?
5.5 如何掌握软�g包的变化情况
6.操作源码�?
6.1 下蝲源码�?
6.2 �~�译源码包所需的��Y件包
7.如何处理错误
7.1 一般错�?
7.2 在哪儿获得帮助？
8.哪些版本支持APT�Q?
9.感谢
10.本��用指南的新版�?

Debian APT HOWTO �W�一�?��D��
APT HOWTO
�W�一�?��D��

最初只�?tar.gz的打包文�Ӟ��用户必须�~�译每个他想在GNU/Linux上运行的软�g。用户们普遍认�ؓ�pȝ��很有必要提供一�U�方法来��理�q�些�? 装在机器上的软�g包，当Debian诞生�Ӟ��q�样一个管理工具也��应�q�而生�Q�它被命名�ؓdpkg。从而著名的“package”概�늬�一�ơ出现在 GNU/Linux�pȝ��中，�E�后RedHat才决定开发自��q��“rpm”包��理�pȝ��?

很快一个新的问题难倒了GNU/Linux制作者，他们需要一个快速、实用、高效的�Ҏ��来安装��Y件包�Q�当软�g包更新时�Q�这个工具应该能自动��理兌��文�g和维护已有配�|�文�Ӟ��再次�Q�Debian率先解决了这个难题，APT�Q�Advanced Packaging Tool�Q�诞生了。APT后来�q�被Conectiva攚w��用来管理rpm�Q��ƈ被其它Linux发行版本采用为它们的软�g包管理工兗��?

本文档不打算讲解apt-rpm相关知识�Q�因为Conectiva port of APT已很有名了，不过提供有关�q�部分的补充文档�q�是�Ƣ迎的�?

本文档是��Z��Debian下一个发行版的，长官�?

Debian APT HOWTO �W�二�?基础讄��
APT HOWTO
�W�二�?基础讄��

2.1 /etc/apt/sources.list文�g
=============================
作�ؓ操作的一部分�Q�APT使用一个文件列出可获得软�g包的镜像站点地址�Q�这个文件就�?etc/apt/sources.list�?

文�g中的各项信息通常按如下格式列出：

deb http://site.http.org/debian distribution section1 section2 section3
deb-src http://site.http.org/debian distribution section1 section2 section3

当然�Q�上面所列的地址��w��是假讄��不可用的。每行的�W�一个单词deb或deb-src�Q�描�q�C��文�g�c�d��Q�目录中包含的是二进制��Y件包�Q�deb�Q�，�? 我们通常使用的已�~�译好的软�g包；或包含的是源码包�Q�deb-src�Q�，源码包包含源�E�序�~�码、Debian��理文�g�Q?dsc�Q�和“Debian化”该 �E�序所做更改的记录文�gdiff.gz�?

通常可以看出如下Debian默认的sources.list�Q?

# See sources.list(5) for more information, especialy
# Remember that you can only use http, ftp or file URIs
# CDROMs are managed through the apt-cdrom tool.
deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org stable/updates main contrib non-free

# Uncomment if you want the apt-get source function to work
#deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
#deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable non-US

�q�些是Debian基本安装所需的��Y件包来源地址�Q�第一个deb行指向官�Ҏ��式��Y件包来源�Q�第二个deb行指向non-US软�g包来源，�W�三deb行指向Debian安全补丁更新包来源�?

最后两行被注释掉了�Q�在句首�?�Q�，所以apt-get��忽略它们。这些是deb-src行指向Debian源码包来源，如果你常下蝲�E�序源码来测试或重编译，可取消对它们的注释�?

/etc/apt/sources.list文�g可包含多�U�类型的地址�Q�APT知道如何处理�q�些不同的地址�c�d��Q�http�Q�ftp�Q�file�Q�本地文�Ӟ��例如�Q�一个加载了ISO9600文�g�pȝ��的目录）和ssh�?

别忘了在修改�?etc/apt/sources.list文�g后运行apt-get使更改生效。你必须完成�q�个步骤�Q�以便让APT从你指定的地方获得新的��Y件包列表�?

2.2 如何在本��C��用APT
=====================
有时你硬盘上有许多��Y件包�Q�你会希望通过APT来安装它们，以便让它��d��理��Y件包间复杂的依赖关系�?

惌��么做�Q�就��Z��个目录，��所有你惌��安装�?deb文�g攑օ�其中。例如：

mkdir /root/debs

你可以��用一个重载文�Ӟ��override file�Q�直接去修改软�g包中��理文�g中的定义�Q�definitions�Q�，使之�W�合你的软�g储藏库管理规则，在这个重载文件中�Q�你可能希望定义一些选项来重载那些��Y件包的定义，如下所�C�：

package priority section

package是��Y件包的名�U�ͼ�priority有三个��别low�Q�medium或high�Q�section是��Y件包所属的section�Q�重载文件可��L��命名�Q�文件名��在接下来的步骤中做为参��C��递给dpkg-scanpackages。如果你不想写重载文�Ӟ��只需在调用dpkg- scanpackages时��?dev/null��p��了�?

仍是�?root目录下执行：

dpkg-scanpackages debs file | gzip > debs/Packages.gz

在上�q�的命��o行中�Q�file为重载文�Ӟ��命��o生成一个Packages.gz文�g�Q�它包含了APT所需的各�U��Y件包信息�Q�要使用�q�些软�g包，在sources.list中加上：

deb file:/root debs/

完成了上面的工作�Q�就可以通常那样使用APT命��o操作�q�些软�g包了。你可以使用同样的方法生成一个源码库�Q�但误��住你需要将. orig.tar.gz文�g�?dsc文�g�?diff.gz文�g包含在目录中�Q�要生成Source.gz文�g而不是Packages.gz文�g。所使用的命令也不相同，要��用dpkg-scansources�Q�命令如下所�C�：

dpkg-scansources debs | gzip > debs/Sources.gz

注意dpkg-scansource不需要重载文�Ӟ��在sources.list中的引用法是�Q?

deb-src file:/root debs/

2.3 选择最佳镜像发布站点加入source.list文�g�Q�netselect�Q�netselect-apt
=====================================================================
一个新用户�l�常问到的问题：“该��哪个Debian镜像发布站点加入source.list文�g�Q�”。有很多�Ҏ��来选择镜像发布站点�Q�专家们可能会写一个脚本去��试不同站点的ping time�Q�不�q�有一个现成的�E�序可以帮你�Q�netselect�?

安装netselect

apt-get install netselect

不带参数�q�行它时会显�C�它的帮助信息。运行它时加上以�I�格分隔的镜像主机列表，它会�q�回一个分值和列表中的一个主机名。这个分值通过评估ping time和hops number�Q�一个网�l�请求报文到辄��标主机所�l�过的�{发主机的个数�Q�得出，它与镜像站点预计下蝲速度成反比（数��D��越好）。返回的��L��名是��L��列表中得分最低的那个�Q�查看列表中所以主机的得分情况可��?vv选项�Q�。看��Z��的例子：

bash$ netselect ftp.debian.org http.us.debian.org ftp.at.debian.org download.unesp.br ftp.debian.org.br
365 ftp.debian.org.br
bash$

它表�C�，在netselect后列出的所有主��Z��Q�ftp.debian.org.br是下载速度最快的��L��Q�其得分�?65。（注意�Q�！�q�是在我电脑上的��试�l�果�Q�不同的�|�络节点�|�速会大不相同�Q�所以这个分��g��一定适用于其它电脑）

现在��netselect扑ֈ�的连接速度最快的镜像站点加入/etc/apt/sources.list文�g�Q�see The /etc/apt/sources.list file, Section 2.1�Q�and follow the tips in Managing packages, Chapter 3.

注意�Q�镜像站点列表通常包含在文件http://www.debian.org/mirror/mirrors_full�?

�?.3版开始，netselect软�g包包含了netselect-apt脚本�Q�它使上�q�操作自动完成。只需��发布目录树做�ؓ参数�Q�默认�ؓ stable�Q�输入，sources.list文�g��׃��生成速度最快的main和non-US镜像站点列表�Q��ƈ保存在当前目录下。下面的例子生成一个包�? stable发布镜像站点列表的sources.list

bash$ ls sources.list
ls: sources.list: File or directory not found
bash$ netselect-apt stable
(...)
bash$ ls -l sources.list
sources.list
bash$

��C��Q�sources.list生成在当前目录下�Q�必��d��其移�?etc/apt目录�?

Then, follow the tips in Managing packages, Chapter 3.

2.4 ��CD-ROM加入source.list文�g
===============================
如果你用APT从CD-ROM上安装及升��软�g包，你可以将它加入到sources.list文�g中。完成该操作�Q�可使用apt-cdrom�E�序�Q?

apt-cdrom add

��Debian光盘攑օ�光驱�Q�它��加载光盘目录，�q�在光盘上查找��Y件包信息。如果你的光驱需要额外设�|�，可��用以下选项�Q?

-h - program help
-d directory - CD-ROM mount point
-r - Rename a recognized CD-ROM
-m - No mounting
-f - Fast mode, don't check package files
-a - Thorough scan mode

例如�Q?

apt-cdrom -d /home/kov/mycdrom add

你还可以扫描一张光盘，但不��其加入列表�Q?

apt-cdrom ident

注意�Q�只有当你在�pȝ��?etc/fstab中正��设�|�了光驱后，该程序才会工作�?

Debian APT HOWTO �W�三�?软�g包管�?
APT HOWTO
�W�三�?软�g包管�?

3.1 更新可用软�g包列�?
======================
软�g包管理系�l��用一个私有数据库跟踪列表中��Y件包的当前状态：已安装、未安装或可安装。apt-get通过该数据库来确定如何安装用��h��用的软�g包以及正常运行��Y件包所必须的其它关联包�?

你可以��用apt-get update来更新数据库列表。这个命令将扫描/etc/apt/sources.list文�g中所指�\径中的��Y件包列表文�g。有兌��列表文�g的更多信息请查阅 �W�二�? /etc/apt/source.list文�g�?

定时�q�行�q�个�E�序是个好主意，它将使你和你的系�l�获得最新的软�g包更新和安全更新�{�信息�?

3.2 安装软�g�?
==============
现在�Q�终于到了你一直期待的阶段�Q�准备好了sources.list和最新版的的可用软�g包，你所需做的��是�q�行apt-get来安装你渴望已久的��Y件了。例如，你可以这��P��

apt-get install xchat

APT会扫描它的数据库扑ֈ�最新的版本的��Y件包�Q��ƈ��它从sources.list中所指的地方下蝲到本地。如果该软�g包需要其它��Y件包才能正常�q�行——如本例一样——APT会做兌��性检查�ƈ自动安装所兌��软�g包。如下所�C�：

[root]@[/] # apt-get install nautilus
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0
The following NEW packages will be installed:
bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 nautilus
0 packages upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 8329kB of archives. After unpacking 17.2MB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

nautilus软�g包需要引用共享函数库�Q�因此APT会从镜像源处下蝲相关�׃�n函数库，如果你在apt-get命��o行中手动指定了这些共享函数库的名�U�ͼ�APT会默认�ؓ你要安装所有这些��Y件包�?

也就是说APT只会在安装那些没有在命��o行中指定的��Y件包时提�C�Z��q�行��认�?

下列apt-get选项也许对你有用

-h This help text.
-d Download only - do NOT install or unpack archives
-f Attempt to continue if the integrity check fails
-s No-act. Perform ordering simulation
-y Assume Yes to all queries and do not prompt
-u Show a list of upgraded packages as well

可以用一条命令安装多个��Y件包。包文�g从网�l�上下蝲到本�?var/cache/apt/archives目录�Q�稍后再安装�?

你可以用同样的命令行删除指定软�g包，只需在��Y件包名称后紧跟一个�?”，如下所�C�：

[root]@[/] # apt-get install nautilus gnome-panel-
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0
The following packages will be REMOVED:
gnome-applets gnome-panel gnome-panel-data gnome-session
The following NEW packages will be installed:
bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 nautilus
0 packages upgraded, 4 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 8329kB of archives. After unpacking 2594kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

有关删除软�g包的更多详细信息�Q�参�?3.3 �U�除软�g包�?

假如你不��心损坏了已安装的��Y件包而想修复它，或者仅仅想安装软�g包中某些文�g的最新版本，�q�是可以做到的，你可以用--reinstall选项�Q?

[root]@[/] # apt-get --reinstall install gdm
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 0B/182kB of archives. After unpacking 0B will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

本文档写作时所参考的APT版本�?.5.3�Q�这个版本还属于“unstable”（sid�Q�阶�D�c��如是你安装了这个版本，你可以在�pȝ��配置中��用新增的功能�Q�你可以用apt-get install package/distribution来安装指定发布版中的软�g包，或者用apt-get install package=version�Q�如下所�C�：

apt-get install nautilus/unstable

它将��Z��安装“unstable”发布版中的nautilus软�g包，即��你当前运行的是“stable”版本。命令中“distribution”选项的可用参数��gؓ�Q�stable�Q�testing�Q�unstable�?

在处理关联问题时�Q�你可能更乐意��?t开��x��选择目标发布版，让apt-get帮你考虑使用哪个发布版�?

重要信息�Q�最新版的Debian软�g包首先会上传到“unstable”发布版中，�q�个发布版包含了软�g包所有更攚w��D�，无论是小修小补还是媄响到众多软�g包乃��x��个系�l�的重大修改。所以，新手和那些强调系�l�稳定性的用户不会使用�q�个发布版�?

“testing”发布版比�v“unstable”发布版�Q�多注重了些�pȝ��E�_��性，但正式运行的�pȝ��应当使用“stable”发布版�?

3.3 �U�除软�g�?
==============
如果你不再��用某些��Y件包�Q�你可以用APT��其从系�l�中删除。要删除软�g包只需输入�Q�apt-get remove package。如下所�C�：

[root]@[/] # apt-get remove gnome-panel
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
gnome-applets gnome-panel gnome-panel-data gnome-session
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 14.6MB will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

�׃��例可知，APT会关注那些与被删除的软�g包有依赖关系的��Y件包。��用APT删除一个��Y件包��会�q�带删除那些与该软�g包有依赖关系的��Y件包�?

上例中运行apt-get会删除指定��Y件包以及与之有依赖关�pȝ��软�g包，但它们的配置文�g�Q�如果有的话�Q�会完好无损��C��留在�pȝ��里。如果想��d��删除�q�些包及光��|�文�Ӟ��q�行�Q?

[root]@[/] # apt-get --purge remove gnome-panel
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
gnome-applets* gnome-panel* gnome-panel-data* gnome-session*
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 14.6MB will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

注意�Q��Y件包名字后面�?表示该��Y件包所有的配置文�g也将被删除�?

��p��安装软�g时一��P��你可以在删除命��o中用一个符��h��指定安装某个软�g包。在删除软�g包时�Q�如果你在��Y件包名字后面紧跟一个�?”，那么该��Y件包��׃��被安装而不是删除�?

[root]@[/] # apt-get --purge remove gnome-panel nautilus+
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 nautilus
The following packages will be REMOVED:
gnome-applets* gnome-panel* gnome-panel-data* gnome-session*
The following NEW packages will be installed:
bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 nautilus
0 packages upgraded, 4 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 8329kB of archives. After unpacking 2594kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

注意�Q�apt-get列出了那些将要被安装的关联��Y件包�Q�即保证该��Y件包正常�q�行的其它��Y件包�Q�和��要被删除关联��Y件包�Q�然后，再次列出了将要被安装的��Y件包�?

3.4 更新软�g�?
==============
软�g包更新是APT最成功的特炏V��只需一条命令即可完成更斎ͼ�apt-get upgrade。你可以使用�q�条命��o从相同版本号的发布版中更新��Y件包�Q�也可以从新版本��L��发布版中更新软�g包，��管实现后一�U�更新的首选命令�ؓapt-get dist-upgrade�Q�实情参�?3.5升��到新版本�?

在运行该命��o时加�?u选项很有用。这个选项让APT昄��完整的可更新软�g包列表。不加这个选项�Q�你��只能盲目地更新。APT会下载每个��Y件包的最新更新版本，然后以合理的�ơ序安装它们。注意在�q�行该命令前应先�q�行apt-get update更新数据库。有兌��情参�?3.1更新可用软�g包列表。看看这个例子：

[root]@[/] # apt-get -u upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages have been kept back
cpp gcc lilo
The following packages will be upgraded
adduser ae apt autoconf debhelper dpkg-dev esound esound-common ftp indent
ipchains isapnptools libaudiofile-dev libaudiofile0 libesd0 libesd0-dev
libgtk1.2 libgtk1.2-dev liblockfile1 libnewt0 liborbit-dev liborbit0
libstdc++2.10-glibc2.2 libtiff3g libtiff3g-dev modconf orbit procps psmisc
29 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 5055B/5055kB of archives. After unpacking 1161kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

整个更新�q�程非常��单。注意在本例中头几行�Q�apt-get报告有些软�g包的更新被阻止（kept back�Q�，�q�表明这些��Y件包的更新版本因故无法安装，可能的原因有兌��不同步（当前没有供下载的新版本关联包�Q�或兌��扩展�Q�需要安装新的关联包以配合新版��Y件包�Q��?

对于�W�一�U�原因没有很好的解决�Ҏ��Q�对于第二次原因�Q�运行apt-get intall安装所需的新兌��包就可以。另一个更好的解决�Ҏ��是使用dist-upgrade。详情参�?3.5升��到新版本�?

3.5 升��到新版本
================
APT的绝�z�d��是让你一�ơ就完成整个�pȝ��的更斎ͼ�不论是通过Internet�q�是通过光盘文�g�Q�购买的��片或下载的ISO镜像文�g�Q��?

它也可以用来更新��M��改变了关联关�pȝ��软�g包。即如前所�q�的那些使用apt-get upgrade时被��L��更新�Q�kept back�Q�的软�g包�?

例如�Q�假设你目前使用的Debian为stable revision 0�Q�如woody 3.0 r0�Q�译者注�Q�，而你购买了revision 3的新版Debian�Q�如woody 3.0 r3�Q�译者注�Q�，你可以��用APT从新光盘上升�U�你的系�l�。��用apt-cdrom�Q�参�? 2.4��CD-ROM加入source.list文�g�Q�将光盘加蝲�?etc/apt/sources.list中，然后�q�行apt-get dist-upgrade�?

��h��意，APT��L��搜烦最新版本的软�g包，因此�Q�如果一个��Y件包在你�?etc/apt/sources.list中所列的版本比光盘上所列的版本要新�Q�那么APT会按照sources.list文�g所指的地址下蝲�q�个软�g包而不是��用光盘上的��Y件包�?

�?3.4更新软�g�?中我们�D了个例子�Q�我们看到有些包被阻止更斎ͼ�kept back�Q�，现在我们��q��dist-upgrade�Ҏ��来解册��个问题：

[root]@[/] # apt-get -u dist-upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
Calculating Upgrade... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
cpp-2.95 cron exim gcc-2.95 libident libopenldap-runtime libopenldap1
libpcre2 logrotate mailx
The following packages have been kept back
lilo
The following packages will be upgraded
adduser ae apt autoconf cpp debhelper dpkg-dev esound esound-common ftp gcc
indent ipchains isapnptools libaudiofile-dev libaudiofile0 libesd0
libesd0-dev libgtk1.2 libgtk1.2-dev liblockfile1 libnewt0 liborbit-dev
liborbit0 libstdc++2.10-glibc2.2 libtiff3g libtiff3g-dev modconf orbit
procps psmisc
31 packages upgraded, 10 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 0B/7098kB of archives. After unpacking 3118kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

注意现在那些软�g包将会被更新�Q�那些新的关联��Y件包也会被安装。但是lilo仍被��L��更新�Q�可能还存在一些比建立新关联更��手的问题，我们通过如下�Ҏ��定问题所在：

[root]@[/] # apt-get -u install lilo
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
cron debconf exim libident libopenldap-runtime libopenldap1 libpcre2
logrotate mailx
The following packages will be REMOVED:
debconf-tiny
The following NEW packages will be installed:
cron debconf exim libident libopenldap-runtime libopenldap1 libpcre2
logrotate mailx
The following packages will be upgraded
lilo
1 packages upgraded, 9 newly installed, 1 to remove and 31 not upgraded.
Need to get 225kB/1179kB of archives. After unpacking 2659kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

查看上述提示信息可知�Q�lilo与debconf-tiny包��生了一个新冲突�Q�这表明除非删除debconf-tiny�Q�否则将无法更新lilo�?

想知道该保留或删除哪些��Y件包�Q�你可以使用�Q?

# apt-get -o Debug::pkgProblemResolver=yes dist-upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
Calculating Upgrade... Starting
Starting 2
Investigating python1.5
Package python1.5 has broken dep on python1.5-base
Considering python1.5-base 0 as a solution to python1.5 0
Holding Back python1.5 rather than change python1.5-base
Investigating python1.5-dev
Package python1.5-dev has broken dep on python1.5
Considering python1.5 0 as a solution to python1.5-dev 0
Holding Back python1.5-dev rather than change python1.5
Try to Re-Instate python1.5-dev
Done
Done
The following packages have been kept back
gs python1.5-dev
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2 not upgraded.

现在�Q�你很容易就知道不能安装python1.5-dev软�g包是因�ؓ无法满��另一个��Y件包python1.5的关联要求�?

3.6 �U�除无用软�g包文�Ӟ��apt-get clean and autoclean
===================================================
当你需要安装某个��Y件包�Ӟ��APT�?etc/apt/sources.list中所列的��L��下蝲所需的文�Ӟ��它们保存到本机软�g库（/var/cache/apt/archives/�Q�，然后开始安装，参阅 3.2 安装软�g包�?

本地软�g库会不断膨胀占用大量��盘�I�间�Q�幸�q�的是，APT提供了工��h��理本地软�g库：apt-get的clean�Ҏ��和autoclean�Ҏ��?

apt-get clean��删�?var/cache/apt/archives目录�?var/cache/apt/archives/partial目录下的所有文�Ӟ��除了被锁定的文�g。这样以来，当你需要再�ơ安装某个��Y件包�Ӟ��APT��重��C��载它�?

apt-get autoclean仅删除那些不需要再�ơ下载的文�g�?

下面�q�个例子昄��了apt-get autoclean如何工作�Q?

# ls /var/cache/apt/archives/logrotate* /var/cache/apt/archives/gpm*
logrotate_3.5.9-7_i386.deb
logrotate_3.5.9-8_i386.deb
gpm_1.19.6-11_i386.deb

�?var/cache/apt/archives目录下有两个不同版本的logrotate软�g包文件以及一个gpm软�g包文件�?

# apt-show-versions -p logrotate
logrotate/stable uptodate 3.5.9-8
# apt-show-versions -p gpm
gpm/stable upgradeable from 1.19.6-11 to 1.19.6-12

apt-show-versions昄��logrotate_3.5.9-8_i386.deb提供了logrotate的升�U�版本，所�? logrotate_3.5.9-7_i386.deb没用了。同样gpm_1.19.6-11_i386.deb也没有用了，因�ؓ可以下蝲该��Y件包的更新版本�?

# apt-get autoclean
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
Del gpm 1.19.6-11 [145kB]
Del logrotate 3.5.9-7 [26.5kB]

��M��Q�apt-get autoclean仅删除那些过时的文�g。参�?3.9如何从Debian的专用版本下升��软�g�? 获得更多apt-show-versions相关信息�?

3.7 在dselect中操作APT
======================
dselect工具帮助用户选取惌��安装的Debian软�g包。它有点复杂甚至令�h望而生厌，但经�q�实践你��p��掌握它恐怖的�l�端界面�?

dselect高��功能之一��是它知道利用Debian软�g包的“推荐”和“徏议”能力。（Debian软�g包有一�U�能力：推荐或徏议系�l�在安装�? ��q��同时�Q�安装别的��Y件包以配合自�w�的工作�Q�当然这些推荐的软�g包不一定是必须的；而dselect工具可以识别和利用这个能力，使用dselect时你 ��p��体会到。译者注�Q�以root�w�䆾�q�行dselect�Q�进入程序后选择apt作�ؓ�q�接方式�Q�access�Q�。该步骤不是必须的，但如果你没有光驱而且�? 通过Internet下蝲安装软�g包，�q�是使用dselect的最好方法�?

��x��入学习dselect的用法，请到Debian�|�站查阅dselect文档��面
http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp

在dselect中选好了��Y件包后，�q�行�Q?

apt-get -u dselect-upgrade

如下例所�C�：

[root]@[/] # apt-get -u dselect-upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
lbxproxy
The following NEW packages will be installed:
bonobo console-tools-libs cpp-3.0 enscript expat fingerd gcc-3.0
gcc-3.0-base icepref klogd libdigest-md5-perl libfnlib0 libft-perl
libgc5-dev libgcc300 libhtml-clean-perl libltdl0-dev libsasl-modules
libstdc++3.0 metamail nethack proftpd-doc psfontmgr python-newt talk tidy
util-linux-locales vacation xbill xplanet-images
The following packages will be upgraded
debian-policy
1 packages upgraded, 30 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 7140kB of archives. After unpacking 16.3MB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

比较一下我们在相同�pȝ��上运行apt-get dist-upgrade时的情�Ş�Q?

[root]@[/] # apt-get -u dist-upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
Calculating Upgrade... Done
The following packages will be upgraded
debian-policy
1 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 421kB of archives. After unpacking 25.6kB will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

我们看到在前例中许多软�g包被安装是其它��Y件包“推荐”或“徏议”的�l�果。另外一些��Y件包被安装或删除�Q�例如lbxproxy软�g包）是我们通过dselect工具作出的决定。由此可见dselect与APT�l�合��h��是一个功能强大的工具�?

3.8 如何构徏一个�؜合系�l?
========================
��Z��怋�用testing发布版，因�ؓ它比unstable要稳定同时又比stable旉��。然而对于那些想�q�行某些软�g包的最新版本，又不希望 ��整个系�l�迁�U�d��unstable发布版的�q�有一�U�选择�Q�运行一个testing/unstable混合�pȝ��。对另一部分保守的用戯��言�Q�他们可能希望运行stable/testing混合�pȝ��?

要实现�؜合系�l�，请在/etc/apt/apt.conf中加入下面的语句�Q?

APT::Default-Release "testing";

以后�Q�在从unstable发布版安装��Y件包�Ӟ��使用-t开养I��

# apt-get -t unstable install packagename

别忘了，使用Debian的某个发布版的��Y件包�Ӟ��要将镜像源加入到/etc/apt/sources.list文�g中。在�q�个例子中，除了加入testing发布版镜像源处，我们�q�需要加入unstable发布版镜像源�?

3.9 如何从Debian的专用版本下升��软�g�?
======================================
apt-show-versions提供了一个安全的途径�Q�让那些使用混合�pȝ��的用��h��心升�U�他们的�pȝ��Q�不必担心升�U�会��原来属于stable的包升��成了unstable包。例如，�q�条命��o��只升��你的unstable软�g包：

# apt-get install `apt-show-versions -u -b | grep unstable`

3.10 如何�l�护已安装��Y件包的多个版本（复杂�Q?
==========================================
你可能会遇到�q�种情况�Q�更改了某个软�g包中的一些文�Ӟ��但你没有旉��或根本就不想��这些更改引入到新版本中。或者，你将�pȝ��升��?.0�Q�但仍想�l�箋使用Debian 2.2下的某个软�g包。你可以“钉住”（pin�Q�这个版本，�q�样它就不会被更��C��?

操作��h��十分��单，你只需�~�辑/etc/apt/preferences文�g�?

文�g格式很简单：

Package:
Pin:
Priority:

例如�Q�我对sylpheed软�g包做了某些修改，其版本�ؓ0.4.99�Q�我想保留这些修改不被更斎ͼ�可加上：

Package: sylpheed
Pin: version 0.4.99*

注意我用了一�? *�Q�星��P��。这是一个“通配�W�”；它表明我希望“钉住”所有以0.4.99打头的版本（以防它们被下载�ƈ安装到我机器上。pin控制的是服务器端的更新��Y 件包而非本地的已安装软�g包。译者注�Q�。因为Debian使用“Debian版本号”�ؓ其��Y件包定版本，我不惌��行所有这些版本的升��Q�如果不用通配�W�，那么0.4.99-1版或0.4.99-10版只要一出炉�pȝ��׃��安装它们。如果你修改了��Y件包�Q�你一定不希望�q�么做�?

Priority是可选域�Q�如果没有特别指定，它的默认��gؓ989�?

让我们来看看pin如何体现优先�U�（priorty�Q�区别。一个低�?的优先��表示�Q�该软�g包被��止安装�Q�优先��?�?00之间表示�Q��Y件包没有安装�q�且当前也没有可用版本，�q�些软�g包不会出现在供选择版本列表中；优先�U��ؓ100表示软�g包已被安装——对于这个已安装的��Y件包�Q�如果有一个不同的�? 本要替换它，那么替换者的优先�U�必��d��?00�?

优先�U�在100以上表示软�g包应该被安装。典型的例子如，某个软�g包的升��补丁包，��M��处于100�?000�Q�包�?000�Q�之间的优先�U�都表示�? �q�情形。但是，一个��Y件包如果被定��L��优先�U�，它�ƈ不会降��已安装的版本。例如，如果我安装了sylpheed 0.5.3�q��ؓsylpheed 0.4.99指定了一个优先��?99的pin�Q�那么由于要满��pin的优先��Q�所�?.4.99软�g包不会被安装。如果要实现软�g包“降�U�”，则需要将 pin的优先��定�ؓ大于1000。（100<优先�U?lt;=1000�Ӟ��如果存在升��包就�Ҏ��机相兛_��升��Q�如果本��Y件包比更新包�q�新��׃��持不变；优先�U?gt;1000�Ӟ��服务器端软�g包不论比本机的��Y件包新还是旧�Q�均�Ҏ��机相兌��Y件包�q�行更新。译者注�Q?

pin可以被用来控制��Y件包的修订版本（version�Q�、发布版本（release�Q�或版本来源�Q�origin�Q��?

在前面我们已�l�看刎ͼ�钉住修订版本时��用通配�W�来代替版本��h��字，�q�样可一�ơ指定多个版本�?

release选项是基于发布版文�g�Q�Release file�Q�的�Q�这个文件在本地APT软�g库中或安装光盘上。如果你从本地��Y件库安装软�g包而��Y件库中又没有该文�Ӟ��那么�q�个选项��失效。来看看 /var/lib/apt/lists/目录中发布版文�g的内容，发布版包括这些参敎ͼ�a�Q�archive�Q�，c�Q�components�Q�，v �Q�version�Q�，o�Q�origin�Q�，l�Q�lable�Q��?

来看一个例子：

Package: *
Pin: release v=2.2*,a=stable,c=main,o=Debian,l=Debian
Priority: 1001

在本例中�Q�我们选择了version�?.2*的Debian�Q�它可以�?.2r2�Q?.2r3——这些版本包含了“point releases”即安全更新和其它非常生要的更新�Q�，stable软�g库，main�c��Y件包�Q�非contrib或non-free�Q�，版本来源和标�{�֝� 为Debian。版本来源（o=�Q�说明谁制作了这个发布版文�g�Q�标�{�（l=�Q�说明该发布版的名称�Q�Debian��x��指Debian自己�Q�Progeny�? 是指后裔制作者，下面是一个发布版文�g的样例：

$ cat /var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org.br_debian_dists_potato_main_binary-i386_Release
Archive: stable
Version: 2.2r3
Component: main
Origin: Debian
Label: Debian
Architecture: i386

Debian APT HOWTO �W�四�?几个非常有用的工�?
APT HOWTO
�W�四�?几个非常有用的工�?

4.1 如何安装本地�~�译的��Y件包�Q�equivs
====================================
有时�Q�用��h��使用某些软�g的特�D�版本，它们只以源代码的形式存在�Q�没有现成的Debian软�g包。��Y件包��理�pȝ��在处理这�c�M��务时可能会出问题�? 假设你想�~�译新版本的邮�g服务器，�~�译、安装一切正常，然而，软�g包管理系�l��ƈ不知道你在系�l�中安装了自��q��译的东西�Q�在Debian中许多基于MTA �Q�Mail Transport Agent 邮�g传输代理�Q�的软�g包也不知道这些�?

现在是equivs��d��的时候了。用它来安装软�g包，它所做的工作��是创徏一个新的空软�g包来实现兌��Q�让软�g包管理系�l�相信关联实��C��?

在我们开始以前，我必��L��醒你�Q�编译某个��Y件最安全的方法是对该软�g现有的Debian软�g包进行修改后重新�~�译�Q�如果你�q�不知道你正在干什么，劝你不要使用equivs替换兌��包。更多信息请参阅 �W�六�?源码包操作�?

�l�箋上面的例子，你安装好了新�~�译的postfix�Q�接下来打算安装mutt�Q�突然你发现mutt想与另一个MTA建立兌��Q�而你惌��它��用你刚安装的新MTA�?

转到某个目录�Q�例�?tmp�Q�执行：

# equivs-control name

��name替换��Z��创徏的管理文�Ӟ��control file�Q�，��理文�g按如下格式创建：

Section: misc
Priority: optional
Standards-Version: 3.0.1

Package:
Version:
Maintainer:
Pre-Depends:
Depends:
Recommends:
Suggests:
Provides: <(virtual)package>
Architecture: all
Copyright:
Changelog:
Readme:
Extra-Files:
Description:
long description and info
.
second paragraph

我们只需按自��q��需要修改相关项目就行了。文件中每个��目都描�q�得很清楚，我们不必在此逐行解释它们。现在开始修改吧�Q?

Section: misc
Priority: optional
Standards-Version: 3.0.1

Package: mta-local
Provides: mail-transport-agent

行了�Q�就是这栗��mutt要与mail-transport-agent兌��Q�这是所有MTA��q��的一个虚拟包�Q�virtual package�Q�，我可以简单地��这个��Y件包命名为mail-transport-agent�Q�不�q�我更愿意��用系�l�的虚拟包方案，使用Provides选项�?

现在你可以开始创��Y件包了：

# equivs-build name
dh_testdir
touch build-stamp
dh_testdir
dh_testroot
dh_clean -k
# Add here commands to install the package into debian/tmp.
touch install-stamp
dh_testdir
dh_testroot
dh_installdocs
dh_installchangelogs
dh_compress
dh_fixperms
dh_installdeb
dh_gencontrol
dh_md5sums
dh_builddeb
dpkg-deb: building package `name' in `../name_1.0_all.deb'.

The package has been created.
Attention, the package has been created in the current directory,

然后安装�q�个新创建的.deb�?

众所周知�Q�equivs的用法很多，它甚臛_��以帮你�ؓ那些常用软�g的底层关联包创徏个性化版本。尽情发挥你的想像力吧，不过要小心�?

重要提示�Q�管理文�Ӟ��control files�Q�的样例文�g�?usr/share/doc/equivs/examples目录下�?

4.2 �U�除无用的locale files文�g�Q�localepurge
===========================================
许多Debian用户仅在固定地区使用Debian。例如，在巴西的Debian用户�Q�通常使用pt_BR地区配置文�g�Q�locale file�Q�而不会关心es地区配置文�g�?

对于�q�类用户而言localepurge是一个非常有用的工具�Q�你可以仅保留你当前所用的地区配置文�g�Q�删除其它无用的文�g�Q�从而释攑֤�量硬盘空间。运行apt-get install localepurge��p��了�?

它配�|��v来非常容易，debconf的提问将引导用户一步一步完成设�|�。在回答�W�一个问题时请务必�}慎，如果回答错了�Q�系�l�可能删掉所有的地区配置文�g�Q�包括你正在使用的这个。复原它们的唯一�Ҏ��是重装那些软�g包�?

4.3 如何知晓哪些软�g包可以升�U?
==============================
apt-show-versions工具可以告诉你系�l�中哪些包可以更��C��及其它一些有用的信息�?u选项可以昄��可更新��Y件包列表�Q?

$ apt-show-versions -u
libeel0/unstable upgradeable from 1.0.2-5 to 1.0.2-7
libeel-data/unstable upgradeable from 1.0.2-5 to 1.0.2-7

Debian APT HOWTO �W�五�?获取软�g包信�?
APT HOWTO
�W�五�?获取软�g包信�?

有些��Z��APT�pȝ��的前端程序，能十分方便地获得�pȝ��软�g包列表，列表包括可安装或已安装的软�g包，�q�可以显�C�某软�g包属于哪个域�Q�section�Q�，它的优先�U�（priority�Q�是多少�Q�它的说明文档，�{�等�?

但是...在此我们想的学习如何使用APT本��n来完成。你如何扑և�你想要安装的软�g包的名称�Q?

我们完成�q�个��d��的方法有很多。我们从apt-cache开始，APT�pȝ��使用�q�个�E�序来维护它的数据库。下面我们通过一些实际操作来对它做个概览�?

5.1 获得软�g包名�U?
==================
假设你十分怀�늎�Atari 2600的好日子�Q�你军_��用APT安装一个Atari emulator�Q�随后再下蝲几个游戏�Q�你可以�q�样�Q?

[root]@[/] # apt-cache search atari
atari-fdisk-cross - Partition editor for Atari (running on non-Atari)
circuslinux - The clowns are trying to pop balloons to score points!
madbomber - A Kaboom! clone
tcs - Character set translator.
atari800 - Atari emulator for svgalib/X/curses
stella - Atari 2600 Emulator for X windows
xmess-x - X binaries for Multi-Emulator Super System

我们扑ֈ�了几个相关的软�g包，以及有关的简单描�q�。想�q�一步获得某个��Y件包的详�l�信息，你可以运行：

[root]@[/] # apt-cache show stella
Package: stella
Priority: extra
Section: non-free/otherosfs
Installed-Size: 830
Maintainer: Tom Lear
Architecture: i386
Version: 1.1-2
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1), libstdc++2.10, xlib6g (>= 3.3.5-1)
Filename: dists/potato/non-free/binary-i386/otherosfs/stella_1.1-2.deb
Size: 483430
MD5sum: 11b3e86a41a60fa1c4b334dd96c1d4b5
Description: Atari 2600 Emulator for X windows
Stella is a portable emulator of the old Atari 2600 video-game console
written in C++. You can play most Atari 2600 games with it. The latest
news, code and binaries for Stella can be found at:
http://www4.ncsu.edu/~bwmott/2600

屏幕上显�C�出�q�个软�g包的详细信息及其用途的完整描述。如果你的系�l�中已安装了某个软�g包而系�l�又搜烦到它的新版本�Q�系�l�会��它们的详细信息一�q�列出。如下例�Q?

[root]@[/] # apt-cache show lilo
Package: lilo
Priority: important
Section: base
Installed-Size: 271
Maintainer: Russell Coker
Architecture: i386
Version: 1:21.7-3
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.1-2), debconf (>=0.2.26), logrotate
Suggests: lilo-doc
Conflicts: manpages (<<1.29-3)
Filename: pool/main/l/lilo/lilo_21.7-3_i386.deb
Size: 143052
MD5sum: 63fe29b5317fe34ed8ec3ae955f8270e
Description: LInux LOader - The Classic OS loader can load Linux and others
This Package contains lilo (the installer) and boot-record-images to
install Linux, OS/2, DOS and generic Boot Sectors of other OSes.
.
You can use Lilo to manage your Master Boot Record (with a simple text screen)
or call Lilo from other Boot-Loaders to jump-start the Linux kernel.

Package: lilo
Status: install ok installed
Priority: important
Section: base
Installed-Size: 190
Maintainer: Vincent Renardias
Version: 1:21.4.3-2
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1.2)
Recommends: mbr
Suggests: lilo-doc
Description: LInux LOader - The Classic OS loader can load Linux and others
This Package contains lilo (the installer) and boot-record-images to
install Linux, OS/2, DOS and generic Boot Sectors of other OSes.
.
You can use Lilo to manage your Master Boot Record (with a simple text screen)
or call Lilo from other Boot-Loaders to jump-start the Linux kernel.

注意�Q�首先列出的是可用��Y件包�Q�接着列出的是已安装��Y件包。获取某个��Y件包的常规信息可�q�行�Q?

[root]@[/] # apt-cache showpkg penguin-command
Package: penguin-command
Versions:
1.4.5-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/download.sourceforge.net_debian_dists_unstable_main_binary-i386_Packages)(/var/lib/dpkg/status)

Reverse Depends:
Dependencies:
1.4.5-1 - libc6 (2 2.2.1-2) libpng2 (0 (null)) libsdl-mixer1.1 (2 1.1.0) libsdl1.1 (0 (null)) zlib1g (2 1:1.1.3)
Provides:
1.4.5-1 -
Reverse Provides:

如果仅想了解某��Y件包的与哪些软�g包关联，可运行：

[root]@[/] # apt-cache depends penguin-command
penguin-command
Depends: libc6
Depends: libpng2
Depends: libsdl-mixer1.1
Depends: libsdl1.1
Depends: zlib1g

��M��Q�有一�p�d��工具可帮助我们找到我们想要的软�g包�?

5.2 使用dpkg查找软�g包名�U?
==========================
另一个定位��Y件包的方法是知道软�g包中某个关键文�g的名�U�。例如，你编译时需要某个头文�g�Q�查找提供该文�g的��Y件包�Q�你可以�q�行�Q?

[root]@[/] # dpkg -S stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/bits/stdio.h
perl: /usr/lib/perl/5.6.0/CORE/nostdio.h

或者：

[root]@[/] # dpkg -S /usr/include/stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h

在清理硬盘空间时�Q�了解系�l�中已安装��Y件的软�g包名�U�十分有用，你可以运行：

[root]@[/] # dpkg -l | grep mozilla
ii mozilla-browse 0.9.6-7 Mozilla Web Browser

�q�个命��o的缺�Ҏ��它会“截断”��Y件包的名字。在上例中，软�g包的全称是mozilla-browser�Q�解册��个问题可以��用COLUMNS环境变量�Q?

[kov]@[couve] $ COLUMNS=132 dpkg -l | grep mozilla
ii mozilla-browser 0.9.6-7 Mozilla Web Browser - core and browser

或显�C�成�q�样�Q?

[root]@[/] # apt-cache search "Mozilla Web Browser"
mozilla-browser - Mozilla Web Browser

5.3 如何“按需”安装��Y件包
==========================
你正在编译某�D늨�序，�H�然�Q�停住了�Q�一条错误信息报告说你没有它需要的头文件。让auto-apt来救你吧�Q�它问你是否要安装需要的软�g包，然后挂�v�~�译�q�程�Q�安装好软�g包后再恢复编译进�E��?

你所要做的仅仅是�Q?

auto-apt run command

�q�里“command”指在运行过�E�中可能出现“需求文件不存在”问题的命��o。例如：

auto-apt run ./configure

一会儿�Q�它��׃��告诉你要安装所需的��Y件包�q�自动�{到apt-get处理。如果你正在�q�行X�Q�就会一个图形界面提�C�窗口�?

��Z��提高效率auto-apt所用的数据库需要实时更新。可调用auto-apt update�Q�auto-apt updatedb和auto-apt update-local来完成更新�?

5.4 如何知道文�g属于哪个软�g�?
==============================
如果你想安装某个软�g包，但用apt-cache查不出它的名�U�ͼ�不过你知道这个程序的文�g名，或这个��Y件包中某些文件的文�g名，那么你可以用apt-file来查找��Y件包名称�?

$ apt-file search filename

它用��h��很象dpkg -S�Q�不�q�它�q�会列出包含该文件的已删除��Y件包。它也可以用来查扑֓�个��Y件包包含�~�译时所�~�的文�g�Q�当�Ӟ��解决�q�类问题auto-apt可能是更好的�Ҏ��Q�请参阅 5.3如何“按需”安装��Y件包�?

用这个命令，你可以列��Y件包的内容：

$ apt-file list packagename

apt-file用一个数据库来存放所有��Y件包的内容信息，和auto-apt一��P��q�个数据库也需要实时更斎ͼ�完成更新可以�q�行�Q?

# apt-file update

默认情况下，apt-file和auto-apt使用同一个数据库�Q�参�?5.3如何“按需”安装��Y件包�?

5.5 如何掌握软�g包的变化情况
============================
在每个��Y件包被安装以后，都会在文档目录（/usr/share/doc/packagename�Q�生成一�? changelog.Debian.gz的文�Ӟ��q�个文�g记录了该软�g包最后一�ơ更新对�pȝ��做了哪些修改�Q�你可以用zless阅读�q�些信息。不�q�当你对�? 个系�l�进行升�U�以后，逐个查看软�g包的更新信息可不是�g�Ҏ��事�?

有一个工兯��帮你完成�q�项��d��Q�它��是apt-listchanges。首先你要装上apt-listchanges软�g包。在安装的过�E�中�Q�Debconf会问你一些问题，按你的要求回�{�它们就行了�?

“Should apt-listchanges be automatically run by apt”（惌��apt自动�q�行apt-listchanges吗？�Q�这个选项非常有用�Q�因为在你��用apt更新软�g包时�Q�它会告诉你此次软�g包更新将会对原有�pȝ��做出了哪些修改，你分析了�q�些信息以后再决定是否执行此�ơ更新。“Should apt-listchanges prompt for confirmation after displaying changes?”（昄��更新信息后，需要apt-listchanges�{�待你的��认信息吗？�Q�选项也非常有用，因�ؓ在你阅读完更��C��息后�Q�它会询问你是否�l�箋安装�q�程�Q�如果你不想�l�箋�Q�apt-listchanges会返回一条错误信息，告诉apt停止安装�q�程�?

安装了apt-listchanges后，每当apt下蝲软�g包时�Q�不论来源是Internet、光盘或是硬盘）都会昄��q�些软�g包的�pȝ��更新信息�?

Debian APT HOWTO �W�六�?源码包操�?
APT HOWTO
�W�六�?源码包操�?

6.1 下蝲源码�?
==============
在自��p�Y件的世界里，�l�常需要学习源码或为程序除错，所以你需要下载它们。APT提供了一套简便的�Ҏ��帮你获得发布版中众多�E�序的源代码以及创徏一�?debs所需的所有文件�?

Debian源码的另一个普遍用途是��unstable发布版的新版�E�序�q�行改写以供别的发布版��用，例如�Q�从stable发布版外引入新的软�g包，需要重新生�?debs��它在原发布版中的关联关�p�迁�U�d��新的发布版�?

完成�q�些工作�Q?etc/apt/sources.list文�g中deb-src所指引用镜像源应该是unstable�Q�别忘了��行首的注释�W�去掉。详情参�? 2.1/etc/apt/sources.list文�g�?

用下面的命��o下蝲源码包：

apt-get source packagename

通常会下载三个文�Ӟ��a .orig.tar.gz, a .dsc and a .diff.gz。对于Debian专用的��Y件包�Q�最后一个文件不会下载，�W�一个文件的文�g名中没有“orig”项�?

dpkg-source��d��.dsc文�g信息�Q�将源码包解包到packagename-version目录�Q�下载下来的源码包中有一个debian/目录�Q�里面是创徏.deb包所需的文件�?

惌��下蝲的源码包自动�~�译成��Y件包�Q�只需在命令行中加�?b�Q�如下：

apt-get -b source packagename

如果你不打算立即创徏.deb包，你可以运行如下命令，以后再创建它�?

dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -uc -b

请在下蝲包所在的目录中运行上面的命��o�?

apt-get的source命��o与它的其它命令有所不同�Q�普通用��h��限就可以�q�行source命��o�Q�指定文件被下蝲到用戯��用apt-source package命��o时所处的目录中�?

6.2 �~�译源码包所需的��Y件包
==========================
通常�Q�编译源码包时要用到某些头文件和�׃�n库，所有的源码包的��理文�g�Q�control file�Q�中都有一个域“Build-Depends�Q�”，域中指出了编译该源码包需要哪些附加包�?

APT提供了一个简单的�Ҏ��下蝲�q�些附加包，你只需�q�行apt-get build-dep package�Q�其中package��是你打��编译的源码包名�U�。见下例�Q?

[root]@[/] # apt-get build-dep gmc
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
comerr-dev e2fslibs-dev gdk-imlib-dev imlib-progs libgnome-dev libgnorba-dev
libgpmg1-dev
0 packages upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 1069kB of archives. After unpacking 3514kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

�q�些用于gmc正确�~�译指定源码包的附加包将会被安装。注意这个命令不能用来搜索某个��Y件的源码包，你得另外�q�行apt-get source下蝲源码包�?

Debian APT HOWTO �W�七�?如何处理错误
APT HOWTO
�W�七�?如何处理错误

7.1 一般错�?
============
错误��L��发生�Q�大部分是因为用��L��_�心�Q�下面列举一些常见错误及处理�Ҏ��?

如果在运行apt-get install package...�Ӟ��你的�pȝ��报告如下信息�Q?

Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
W: Couldn't stat source package list 'http://people.debian.org unstable/ Packages' (/var/state/apt/lists/people.debian.org_%7ekov_debian_unstable_Packages) - stat (2 No such file or directory)
W: You may want to run apt-get update to correct these missing files
E: Couldn't find package penguineyes

上次你修�?etc/apt/sources.list后，忘了�q�行apt-get update更新�?

如果出现�q�样的信息：

E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock - open (13 Permission denied)
E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/), are you root?

如果你没有root权限�Q�当�q�行除source处的其它apt-get命��o�Q�如会出��C��面的错误信息�?

当你同时�q�行两个apt-get�q�程�Q�或者当你试图运行apt-get时已有一个的dpkg�q�程处于�Ȁ�zȝ��态，�pȝ��也会报告与上面相似的错误信息。唯一能与其它命��o同时�q�行的只有source命��o�?

如果在安装过�E�中出现中断�Q�然后你发现该��Y件包既不能重装又不能删除�Q�试试下面两个命令：

# apt-get -f install
# dpkg --configure -a

再试着安装那个软�g包，如果不行再次�q�行上述命��o后再试。这两个命��o对于那些使用unstable的玩安��常有用�?

7.2 在哪儿获得帮助？
===================
如果你发现自己有太多疑问�Q�没关系�Q�有大量的Debian软�g包管理系�l�文档供你参考�?-help和帮助文档能��Z��提供巨大的帮助，�q�些文档位于/usr/share/doc目录中，�?usr/share/doc/apt�?

如果本文档没法帮你排忧解难，可以去Debian邮�g列表找找�{�案�Q�相��x��目内你会获得更多信息。Debian的网址是：http://www.debian.org�?

��C��只有Debian用户才能�q�些邮�g列表和资源，其它操作�pȝ��的用戯��到相关系�l�发布者徏立的�C�֌�中获取更多资源�?

Debian APT HOWTO �W�八�?哪些发布版支持APT�Q?
APT HOWTO
�W�八�?哪些发布版支持APT�Q?

下面是部分��用APT�pȝ��的发布团体名�U�ͼ�

Debian GNU/Linux (http://www.debian.org) - APT的开发�?

Conectiva (http://www.conectiva.com.br) - �W�一个将APT�U�L��用于rpm的发布团�?

Mandrake (http://www.mandrake.com)

PLD (http://www.pld.org.pl)

Vine (http://www.vinelinux.org)

APT4RPM (http://apt4rpm.sf.net)

Alt Linux (http://www.altlinux.ru/)

Red Hat (http://www.redhat.com/)

Sun Solaris (http://www.sun.com/)

SuSE (http://www.suse.de/)

Yellow Dog Linux (http://www.yellowdoglinux.com/)

Debian APT HOWTO �W�九�?致谢
APT HOWTO
�W�九�?致谢

非常感谢你们�Q�我Debian-BR��目�l�的好朋友们�Q�还有你Debian�Q�始�l�在我��n边帮助我�Q�给我动力不停工作�ؓ全�h�c�d��A献，帮助我树立拯救世界的理想。：�Q?

我还要感谢CIPSGA�Q�他们给予我们项目组乃至整个自由软�g��目巨大的帮助，是我们灵感的源泉�?

特别感谢�Q?

Yooseong Yang

Michael Bramer

Bryan Stillwell

Pawel Tecza

Hugo Mora

Luca Monducci

Tomohiro KUBOTA

Pablo Lorenzzoni

Steve Langasek

Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

Erik Rossen

Ross Boylan

Matt Kraai

Aaron M. Ucko

Jon ?slund

Debian APT HOWTO �W�十�?本��用指南的新版�?
APT HOWTO
�W�十�?本��用指南的新版�?

本操作手册由Debian-BR��目�l�撰写，我们希望它能为Debian用户提供有效的帮助�?

你可以从Debian文档��目��面获得本文档的新版本：http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp

�Ҏ��文档有�Q何意见或��可直接发email�l�我�Q�kov@debian.org

Debian APT HOWTO 译后�?
非常感谢版主能将本文收录到精华区�Q�谢谢！

学Debian��C��不少弯�\�Q�得出的�l�验是Debian入门三板斧：dselect、APT、内核编译，掌握了这三者，��q��入门了，再深入学习就�Ҏ��多了。无怪乎有一�U�说法：Debian��是Packages�?

惛_��初看着dselect头都大了�Q�找了半天也没找到完整一些的中文文档�Q�没办法只好��着头皮读e文，�׃��不少旉��Q�读后果然功力增加不��，现在居然觉得dselect是最��手的包��理软�g�?

最�q�有一�D�闲暇时��_��于是斗胆��d��文档，希望我一个�h费点旉��能�ؓ大家省点旉��。本时受�q�不��汉化文档之苦，每每大骂译者不负责�Q�轮到自��q��译时才知道其中的艰苦�Q�本着首先要自己搞懂然后再动笔的原则，只希望日后少被读者骂。不�q�由于专业技术水�q�뀁遣词造句能力都很有限�Q�如果各位Debian高手 ��d��译文后，发现有错误或不通不懂之处，请发邮�g�l�我�Q�以免误人子弟，我也会升�U�该文档�?

在翻译过�E�中�Q�我��最大努力保持原文的风格�Q�不�q�中文与英文表达方式有不��的差别�Q�所以有一些地方译出来读�v来怪怪的�Q�不好懂�Q�这些地�Ҏ��均以�Q�译者注�Q�方式进行了意译。整个文档中《导�a�》、《哪些发布版支持APT�Q�》、《致谢》、《本使用指南的新版本》几个章节没有什么技术信息，不过考虑到文档的完整性，�q�是都翻译了�Q�希望版��M��q�收录进�_�֍�区�?

接下来嘛�Q�打��译一下dselect的官文文档，希望它是你们所期待的。：�Q?/p>

ivaneeo 2005-10-04 16:39 发表评论

ivaneeo — Tue, 04 Oct 2005 08:30:00 GMT

Debian软�g包管理系�l�会自动��理软�g的依赖关�p�，使我们在安装软�g时方便了很多�Q�不用理会复杂的软�g依赖关系�Q�这也是Debian发行版的一大特艌Ӏ�但了解软�g包的依赖关系对你熟悉Linux和进行系�l�开发是很有好处的，所�? Debian也提供了工具帮我们生成��Y件包的依赖关�p�d��。操作步骤如下，首先�Q�安装相关的工具�Q?br>

apt-get install apt-rdepends springgraph

用以下命令生成��Y件包的依赖关�p�d��Q?br>

apt-rdepends -d anjuta | springgraph > anjuta.png

�q�样��q��成了anjuta软�g包的依赖关系图anjuta.png�?/span>

ivaneeo 2005-10-04 16:30 发表评论

UbuntuScientists

ivaneeo — Mon, 26 Sep 2005 07:34:00 GMT

Ubuntu Scientists

Science on Linux

The aim of this page is to become a useful resource for scientist and science students using Ubuntu (or any other) Linux. Please add information or comments.

Introduction

Linux is a great operating system for scientists, for many reasons:

It is stable, secure and runs on all sorts of hardware, from embedded systems to supercomputers.
It is possible to create a highly customised setup to do what you want.
Repetitive tasks can be automated.
There are lots of useful free scientific programs and tools.

Although some people say that linux is not user friendly enough for the desktop yet, scientists are usually a bit more familier with computers, and don't mind learning how to do things.

Applications

Some applications that scientists use in Linux. Please add some more.

See also: SAL (Scientific Applications on Linux) is a collection of information and links to software that will be of interest to scientists and engineers. The broad coverage of Linux applications will also benefit the whole Linux/Unix community. There are currently 3,017 entries in SAL. http://sal.iatp.by/

Physics

Cernlib - A suite of data analysis tools and libraries created for use in physics experiments, but also with applications to other fields such as the chemical and biological sciences. Cernlib
JaxoDraw - A Java program for drawing Feynman diagrams JaxoDraw
ROOT - An Object Oriented Data Analysis Framework ROOT
Geant4 - A toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter Geant4
CLHEP - A Class Library for High Energy Physics CLHEP
Pluto++ - A Monte Carlo simulation tool for hadronic physics Pluto++
Data files from the Particle Data Group http://pdg.lbl.gov/2005/html/computer_read.html

Chemistry

GChemPaint - A 2D chemical structures editor GChemPaint
ghemical - A molecular modeling and computational chemistry package that provides molecular mechanics, semi-empirical (via MOPAC7), and ab initio (via MPQC) calculations ghemical
gdis - A molecular display program that supports OpenGL and POVRay rendering. gdis
OpenBabel - A chemical file format conversion program. OpenBabel
Chemtool and Xdrawchem - 2D molecule drawing programs similar to ChemDraw. Chemtool and xdrawchem
mpqc - The Massively Parallel Quantum Chemistry Program. Ab initio quantum chemical computational package. mpqc
Linux4Chemistry - list of linux applications which may be useful for chemists

Biology

Bioconductor - bioinformatics tools Bioconductor
Howto install Bioinformatics Tools for Linux
SciCraft - Addon to Octave, clones Simulink. Still in developement, blocks have to be written by the user. It is supposed to specialize in bioinformatics functions SciCraft
Insight Toolkit (ITK) - an open-source software toolkit for performing registration and segmentation. Created to support the Visible Human Project .
- unofficial debian packages

Mathematics

Octave - GNU Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. (Similar to MATLAB). Octave
SciCraft - Addon to Octave, clones Simulink. Still in developement, blocks have to be written by the user. It is supposed to specialize in bioinformatics functions SciCraft
Scilab - Another MATLAB-like software. Scilab
SciCos - A free Simulink-like addon to Scilab SciCos
Maxima - A computer algebra system (xmaxima is its X interface)
- wxMaxima is a nice front end for Maxima
- Here is a tutorial about using TeXmacs as a Maxima frontend
GNU MP - GNU Multiprecision arthmetic library. Useful if you need to use very big numbers in a C program. GMP
GSL - the Gnu Scientific Library GSL
R - for statistical computing and graphics. R
OOStatistics - A statistics macro for openoffice calc. OOStatistics
freefem - A PDE oriented language using Finite Element Method - 2D and 3D versions. freefem
SciPy - An open source library of scientific tools for Python. SciPy
- SciPy Tutorial
F2PY - Fortran to Python interface generator provides a connection between Python and Fortran languages. F2PY

Astronomy

KStars - A virtual planetarium. KStars
xephem - A very comprehensive ephemeris/planetarium. Old interface. xephem
Nightfall - An astronomy application for fun, education, and science. http://www.lsw.uni-heidelberg.de/users/rwichman/Nightfall.html

Electronics

Eagle - A printed circuit board design tool. Eagle
oregano - Schematic capture, netlists, and spice for simulations. oregano
gEDA - GPL'd suite of Electronic Design Automation tools. gEDA
Qucs - An integrated circuit simulator Qucs

Computer Science

Geography

UbuntuGIS Geographical Information System
ncview - A very fast program for viewing netCDF files (a standard widely used in meteorology, climate and oceanography) ncview
Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) - a mapping program that can also be used to make pretty graphs. GMT

Distributed Computing

openmosix - Turns a network of ordinary computers into a supercomputer. openmosix
boinc - A software platform for distributed computing using volunteered computer resources boinc
- projects include Climateprediction.net,Einstein@home,LHC@home,Predictor@home,SETI@home

Tools

Xfig - A diagram and figure creation tool. Can import GIF, JPEG, and EPS figures and can export to Postscipt, LaTeX, and bitmap files. Xfig
Dia - A "Visio" like diagram tool. Especially useful for simple circuits and flowcharts. Dia
BIKA - A laboratory information management system (LIMS) built on top of Zope and Plone, and coded in Python BIKA

Plotting Tools

GNUPlot - A command-line driven 2D/3D plotting tool. Can perform data fitting and exports to PNG, PS, Xfig, and Latex formats. Has python bindings (python-gnuplot) for including in other programs or scripts. gnuplot
grace - A 2D WYSIWYG plotting tool that exports to JPEG, PNG, EPS, PDF, and SVG. Also does curve fitting. grace
PGPLOT - Fortran- or C-callable graphics subrutine package for making scientific graphs. PGPLOT
SciGraphica - A scientific application for data analysis and technical graphics. Attempts to be a "Microcal Origin" clone SciGraphica
Qtiplot - A 2D/3D, Qt based plotting tool that attempts to be another "Origin" clone Qtiplot
LabPlot - Another Qt based 2D/3D GUI plotting tool that also does curve fitting, supports many data formats, LaTeX labeling, GSL functions, and statistics. LabPlot
Veusz - A scientific plotting package written in Python. veusz.
Gri - A scientific graphics language. Gri

Word Processing Tools

LaTeX - WYGIWYW (What You Get Is What You Want) text mark up system. What real scientist write papers with. LaTeX
Lyx - A WYSIWYG LaTeX frontend. Lyx
Kile - A LaTeX-frontend for KDE, with support for syntax highlighting and convenient palettes for all standard mathematical symbols and text formatting. It also provides easy access to forward and inverse search facilities. Kile
eqe - Allows you write equations in Latex and drag and drop them into other apps eqe
Conglomerate - An XML editor, to create DocBook or similar formats. Conglomerate
Jabref - A graphical bibtex bibliography manager which can be used in conjunction with lyx. It is java based. Jabref
Texmaker - Like Kile but loads faster Texmaker
TeXmacs - A wysiwyg scientific text editor TeXmacs
- doubles as an interface for computer algebra systems like [Maxima], maple, mupad, axiom, giac, GTybalt, Macaulay 2, pari, yacas
- can also be used as a front end for [R], Octave, [GNUplot], [Xfig], [Dr. Geo], [Eukleides],[Qcl]
preview-latex - (almost) turns emacs into a WYSIWYG-LaTeX-frontend preview-latex
latex2html , tth and hevea for converting LaTeX to html.
gaim-latex - A small gaim (see GaimHowto) plugin which allow you to insert LaTeX formulae into im conversations. gaim-latex

Ubuntu Packages

Alternatives to Proprietry Scientific Software

hopefully this list will get long enough to deserve its own page.

Proprietary	Free alternative	Info	Link
Matlab	Octave	Matrix based computing environment	Octave
Matlab	Scilab	see above	Scilab
Simulink	SciCraft	Based on Octave (Available for Debian, I think)	SciCraft
Simulink	SciCos	Based on Scilab (Not found in Ubuntu Repos)	SciCos
Origin	SciGraphica & Qtiplot	Data plotting and analysis	SciGraphica & Qtiplot

Hardware

Labview for linux (non-free) http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/2541

Data acquisition

National Instruments GPIB drivers for linux. http://www.ni.com/linux/gpib.htm
Comedi - Open source drivers, tools and libraries. comedi

Computer controlled systems

RTAI - Real-Time Application Interface is a hard real-time extension to the Linux kernel http://www.rtai.org/

Other information

Other Linux Distributions for Scientists

Quantian A Knoppix / Debian variant tailored to numerical and quantitative analysis.
Debian-Med Debian-Med is a "Custom Debian Distribution" for medical practice and research.
- debian-med metapackages are in Ubuntu(Universe): to list them type: apt-cache search debian-med
Scientific Linux Linux release put together by Fermilab and CERN based on RH
Madrake4Chemistry is about using Madrake Linux for chemistry

Unofficial Ubuntu/Debian repositories with science software

repository of ROOT packages
Yaroslav Halchenko repository
repository of ITK Packages
Teemu Ikonen repository
Daniel Leidert repository ( read)
Carlo Segre repository

Mailing Lists about Linux and Science

debian-science mailing list

Related Wiki Pages

UbuntuSciencePackages is a list of packages that are in the official Ubuntu Repositories that scientist use

UbuntuScienceMetaPackages discusses possible science metapackages

Forum Threads

Are there any scientists-biologists out there using Ubuntu?
Ubuntu Science Metapackage

Books

(2005-09-26 06:17:30�?span title="158.144.70.26">KevinGoldstein�~�辑)

ivaneeo 2005-09-26 15:34 发表评论

RootSudo

ivaneeo — Mon, 26 Sep 2005 06:48:00 GMT

Ubuntu uses sudo to allow a normal user administrative privileges. Thus the traditional UNIX 'root' account is disabled (i.e. it is not possible to log in as root). All the graphical configuration utilities use sudo by default. Thus when Synaptic or something similar asks you for a password, it is asking for your password.

The first user created is part of the admin group, which can use sudo. Any users created after that are not by default. It is recommended that all users of Ubuntu use sudo, as it provides clear benefits to security.

Notes

The password is stored by default for 15 minutes. After that time, you will need to enter your password again
To run the graphical configuration utilities with sudo, simply launch the application via the menu.
To run a program using sudo that normally is run as the user, such as gedit, go to Applications --> Run Application and enter 'gksudo gedit'. For users of Kubuntu, used 'kdesu' in replacement for gksudo. Breezy users, go to Applications --> System Tools --> Run as different user.
To use sudo on the command line, preface the command with sudo, as below.

sudo chown bob *

To start a root shell (i.e. a command window where you can run root commands) use:

sudo -s

Warning: sudo -s doesn't change the environment variables ($HOME, $PATH etc). It can have some bad side effects. You can use sudo -i to initialize a full root environment.

Adding users

Warty

In Warty, adding a new user involves editing the /etc/sudoers file. To edit that file, you must use 'visudo' as it will error check the file before exiting. To add a user with the same administration rights as the first user, add the following lines to the file: '$newuser ALL=(ALL) ALL'. Replace the $newuser with the username.

Hoary

To add a new user to sudo, open the "Users and Groups" tool from System --> Adminitration menu. Then click on the user and then on properties. Choose the "User Privileges" tab. In the tab, find "Executing system administration tasks" and check that.

Benefits of sudo

The benefits of leaving root disabled by default include the following.

Initially the Ubuntu team wanted the easiest install possible. By not enabling root, a couple of steps requiring user interaction during install could be avoided. (Colin Watson)
Even more significantly, if root were enabled during install, the user would be required to forever remember the password they chose--even though they would rarely use it. Root passwords are often forgotten by users who are new to the Unix security model. (Matt Zimmerman)
It avoids the "I can do anything" interactive login by default--you will be prompted for a password before major changes can happen, which should make you think about the consequences of what you are doing. If you were logged in as root, you could just delete some of those "useless folders" and not realize you were in the wrong directory until it's too late. It's been good Unix practice for a long time to "su-command-^D" regularly instead of staying in a root shell--unless you're doing serious system maintenance (at which point you can still "sudo su"). (Jim Cheetham and Andrew Sobala)
Sudo adds a log entry of the command(s) run (In /var/log/auth.log). If you mess up, you can always go back and see what commands were run. (Andrew Zbikowski)
Every cracker trying to brute-force their way into your box will know it has an account named "root" and will try that first. What they don't know is what the usernames of your other users are.
Allows easy transfer for admin rights, in a short term or long term period, by added and removing users from groups, while not compromising the root account. (Stuart Bishop)

Security

While there are various advantages and disadvantages to this approach, compared with the traditional superuser model. Neither is clearly superior overall.

By encouraging the execution of single commands with root privileges, rather than opening a shell, sudo:
- Reduces the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
- Provides a more useful audit trail
Having a separate root password (the traditional model) provides an extra layer of protection if an administrative user's password is compromised
In either case, if the administrative user (who uses sudo or su to become root) is compromised, the attacker can generally gain root through an indirect attack

Possible issues with the "sudo" model

Although for desktops the benefits of using sudo are great, there are possible issues which need to be noted:

Some packages from universe are effectively broken (e.g. webmin) or become dangerous to use. A good workaround is to enable the root account before dealing with the affected packages (sudo su-; passwd ) and to lock it again afterwards (su -; passwd -l).
Redirecting the output of commands run with sudo can catch new users out (consider "sudo ls > /root/somefile"). Workarounds for this include using "sudo sh -c 'ls > /root/somefile'" (but escaping for this gets very ugly very quickly), using Adverbio, or simply using sudo -s to get a root shell and going from there
- MattZimmerman: A simple approach which works for most cases is to use dd(1): ls | sudo dd of=/root/somefile
In a lot of office environments the ONLY local user on a system is root. All other users are imported using NSS techniques such as nss-ldap. To setup a workstation, or fix it, in the case of a network failure where nss-ldap is broken, root is required. This tends to leave the system unusable unless cracked.
- JerryHaltom: Perhaps in these cases it neccessitates the creation of a local account: "admin" with sudo to root privileges.

Misconceptions

Isn't sudo less secure than su?
- The basic security model is the same, and therefore these two systems share their primary weaknesses. Any user who uses su or sudo must be considered to be a privileged user. If that user's account is compromised by an attacker, the attacker can also gain root privileges the next time the user does so. The user account is the weak link in this chain, and so must be protected with the same care as root.
  
  On a more esoteric level, sudo provides some features which encourage different work habits, which can positively impact the security of the system. sudo is commonly used to execute only a single command, while su is generally used to open a shell and execute multiple commands. The sudo approach reduces the likelihood of a root shell being left open indefinitely, and encourages the user to minimize their use of root privileges.
I won't be able to enter single-user mode!
- The sulogin program in Ubuntu is patched to handle the default case of a locked root password.

Enabling the root account

Note: This is not recommended!

To enable the root account (i.e. set a password) use:

sudo passwd root

Enter your existing password
Enter password for root
Confirm password for root

Disabling the root account

Note: This is if you have already enabled a root account and wish to disable it again. To disable the root account after you have enabled it use:

sudo passwd -l root

This locks the root account.

Running GUI applications with Root permissions

It is generally recommended that you do not run applications with root privileges, but if you have to, it is recommended that you do not run "sudo {GUIAPP}", as sudo may not set up the environment correctly, and particularly on KDE this can be detrimental. Instead, always use gksudo {GUIAPP} or kdesu {GUIAPP}.

ivaneeo 2005-09-26 14:48 发表评论

ivaneeo — Fri, 23 Sep 2005 05:58:00 GMT

安装Adobe AcrobatReader 7.0中文�?

RPM包安�?/b>

1. 下RPM安装�?

$ wget http://ardownload.adobe.com/pub/adobe/reader/unix/7x/7.0/chs/AdobeReader_chs-7.0.0-2.i386.rpm

2. 转换RPM包�ؓDEB包，�q�安�?

$ sudo alien AdobeReader_chs-7.0.0-2.i386.rpm
$ sudo dpkg -i adobereader-chs_7.0.0-3_i386.deb

3. 建立acroread执行脚本链接

$ sudo ln -sf /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/acroread /usr/bin/acroread

tar.gz包安装（推荐�Q?/b>

1. 下蝲tar.gz安装�?

$ wget http://ardownload.adobe.com/pub/adobe/reader/unix/7x/7.0/chs/AdbeRdr70_linux_chs.tar.gz

2. 安装软�g�?

$ tar zxvf AdbeRdr70_linux_chs.tar.gz
$ sudo AdobeReader/INSTALL
$ sudo ln -sf /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/acroread /usr/bin/acroread

3. 讄��E�序菜单��?

$ sudo vi /usr/share/applications/AcrobatReader.desktop

//输入如下内容
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Acrobat Reader 7
Comment=Acrobat Reader 7
Exec=/usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/acroread
Icon=/usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/Resource/Icons/AdobeReader.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Office;

在Nautilus中徏立PDF文�g与Acrobat Reader的关�?

在Firefox中安装Acrobat Reader插�g

$ sudo /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/Browser/install_browser_plugin
��安装浏览器�?acroread 增效工具�?br>
误��? Adobe Reader 7.0.0 的安装�\径�?[/usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0]

1. 执行全局安装
2. 执行用户指定的安�?(Mozilla/Firefox/Netscape)
误��入您的选择 [1/2] 1

误��入浏览器安装路径 - /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
安装成功。添加文�?/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/plugins/nppdf.so

您是否要安装另一个浏览器�Q?[y/n] n

删除已安装的Acrobat Reader

$ sudo rm -rf /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/
$ sudo rm /usr/share/applications/AdobeReader.desktop
$ sudo rm /usr/bin/acroread

安装Yahoo Messenger (推荐使用gaim代替)

1. 下蝲DEB�?
$ wget http://download.yahoo.com/dl/unix/ymessenger_1.0.4_1_i386.deb
2. 安装
$ sudo apt-get install libgdk-pixbuf2 libglib1.2 libgtk1.2 libssl0.9.6 $ sudo dpkg -i ymessenger_1.0.4_1_i386.deb
3. �q�行
$ /usr/bin/ymessenger &

安装Prozilla GUI

1. 安装

$ sudo apt-get install prozgui

2. 讄��

$ sudo vi /usr/share/applications/prozgui.desktop

//输入如下内容
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Prozilla GUI
Comment=Prozilla Downloader GUI
Exec=/usr/bin/prozgui
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/prozgui.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

安装NeroLinux 2.0.0

1. 下蝲NeroLinux的deb�?
$ wget ftp://ftp5.us.nero.com/nerolinux-2.0.0.2-x86.deb
2. 安装NeroLinux依赖的包
$ sudo apt-get install libglib1.2 libgtk1.2
3. 安装NeroLinux�?
$ sudo dpkg -i nerolinux-2.0.0.2-x86.deb
4. 启动NeroLinux�E�序选择菜单“Applications�?>“System Tools�?>“NeroLINUX”启动程序�?

配置使用ADSL帐号拨号上网

1、安装pppoe软�g�?

$ sudo apt-get install pppoeconf

2、配�|�adsl拨号的帐号信�?

$ sudo pppoeconf

3、进行adsl拨号建立�|�络�q�接

$ sudo pon dsl-provider

4、断开adsl�|�络�q�接

$ sudo poff

$ killall gnome-panel

3. 使用选择“Applications�?>“Internet�?>“Prozilla GUI”�?

ivaneeo 2005-09-23 13:58 发表评论

ivaneeo — Fri, 02 Sep 2005 06:07:00 GMT

在debian中��用sudo必须先添加用户到sudo�?才可以以root�w�䆾执行.
修改sudo列表使用visudo命��o.

��d��内容

��M��E�序不要用sudo执行不要密码
你的用户�?ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL

要密码的
你的用户�?ALL=PASSWD:ALL 密码��Z��的用户名密码非root�?BR>
如果限制�E�序用sudo把all换成相应的程�?BR>只有在普通用户下用gksu �q�行�E�序时才用root密码
因�ؓgksu 默�Q时root用户

ivaneeo 2005-09-02 14:07 发表评论

在gaim中��用google talk im

ivaneeo — Sun, 28 Aug 2005 05:45:00 GMT
google talk使用了Jabber协议�Q�因此我们这些linuxfans可以很happy��C��用google的服�?)

��d��选项
协议�Q�Jabber
用户�?gmail邮箱前缀
服务�?gmail.com
资源�Q�google talk
密码�Q�gmail邮箱密码

昄��主要选项�Q?br> Jabber选项
选中“若可用则��用tls和允许在不加密流上的�U�文本验�?br> 端口:5222
�q�接服务器：64.233.167.125

ivaneeo 2005-08-28 13:45 发表评论

ivaneeo — Thu, 18 Aug 2005 04:12:00 GMT
�?HOME/.fcitx下修改config文�g的：
LumaQQ支持=1

上面改�ؓ1,重启X��好了�?br>

ivaneeo 2005-08-18 12:12 发表评论

ivaneeo — Thu, 11 Aug 2005 05:38:00 GMT
1.首先,把windows的simsun.ttc文�g考到指定目录,重命名�ؓsimsun.ttf.

2.注册字体:到JAVA_HOME下的jre/lib/fonts�?�~�辑fonts.dir.具体如下:�W�一行的数字加一.在最后一行加入一�? simsun.ttf -default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.
可选字体的�q�有: simsun.ttf -SungtiL GB-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-c-0-gb2312.1988-0
                      simsun.ttf -misc-SimSun-medium-r-normal--*-%d-*-*-c-*-iso10646-1

3.修改JAVA_HOME下的jre/lib/的font.properties文�g(�q�里的font.properties文�g最好做备䆾).
($cp -v font.properties.zh_CN.Sun font.properties)

修改的地�Ҏ��三处:
A.�c�M��如下�?serif.0=-b&h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
serif.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0
看到xxxx.1=后面的字体全部改成已�l�注册的字体.

B.�c�M��如下�?fontset.serif.plain=\
-b&h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0
fontset.serif.plain=\后的�W�二行字体全部改成注册的字体.

C.最后一�?appendedfontpath=/usr/share/fonts/truetype.�q�里�?usr/share/fonts/truetype是simsun.ttf的考到的目录名.

具体文�g如下�Q?/span>
# @(#)font.properties.zh_CN.Sun.linux    1.1 03/07/14
# Copyright 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
#

# Component Font Mappings For Linux zh_CN
#
serif.0=-b&h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
serif.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

serif.italic.0=-b&h-lucidabright-medium-i-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
serif.italic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

serif.bold.0=-b&h-lucidabright-demibold-r-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
serif.bold.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

serif.bolditalic.0=-b&h-lucidabright-demibold-i-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
serif.bolditalic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

sansserif.0=-b&h-lucidasans-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
sansserif.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

sansserif.italic.0=-b&h-lucidasans-medium-i-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
sansserif.italic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

sansserif.bold.0=-b&h-lucidasans-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
sansserif.bold.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

sansserif.bolditalic.0=-b&h-lucidasans-bold-i-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
sansserif.bolditalic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

monospaced.0=-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1
monospaced.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

monospaced.italic.0=-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1
monospaced.italic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

monospaced.bold.0=-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1
monospaced.bold.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

monospaced.bolditalic.0=-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1
monospaced.bolditalic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

dialog.0=-b&h-lucidasans-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
dialog.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

dialog.italic.0=-b&h-lucidasans-medium-i-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
dialog.italic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

dialog.bold.0=-b&h-lucidasans-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
dialog.bold.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

dialog.bolditalic.0=-b&h-lucidasans-bold-i-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1
dialog.bolditalic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

dialoginput.0=-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1
dialoginput.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

dialoginput.italic.0=-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1
dialoginput.italic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

dialoginput.bold.0=-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1
dialoginput.bold.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

dialoginput.bolditalic.0=-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1
dialoginput.bolditalic.1=-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

# Missing Glyph Character
#
default.char=274f

# Component Font Character Encodings
#
fontcharset.serif.0=sun.io.CharToByteISO8859_1
fontcharset.serif.1=sun.io.CharToByteGBK

fontcharset.sansserif.0=sun.io.CharToByteISO8859_1
fontcharset.sansserif.1=sun.io.CharToByteGBK

fontcharset.monospaced.0=sun.io.CharToByteISO8859_1
fontcharset.monospaced.1=sun.io.CharToByteGBK

fontcharset.dialog.0=sun.io.CharToByteISO8859_1
fontcharset.dialog.1=sun.io.CharToByteGBK

fontcharset.dialoginput.0=sun.io.CharToByteISO8859_1
fontcharset.dialoginput.1=sun.io.CharToByteGBK

# Exclusion Ranges
#

# XFontSet Information
#
fontset.serif.plain=\
-b&h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.serif.italic=\
-b&h-lucidabright-medium-i-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.serif.bold=\
-b&h-lucidabright-demibold-r-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.serif.bolditalic=\
-b&h-lucidabright-demibold-i-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.sansserif.plain=\
-b&h-lucidasans-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.sansserif.italic=\
-b&h-lucidasans-medium-i-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.sansserif.bold=\
-b&h-lucidasans-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.sansserif.bolditalic=\
-b&h-lucidasans-bold-i-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.monospaced.plain=\
-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.monospaced.italic=\
-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.monospaced.bold=\
-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.monospaced.bolditalic=\
-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.dialog.italic=\
-b&h-lucidasans-medium-i-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.dialog.bold=\
-b&h-lucidasans-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.dialog.bolditalic=\
-b&h-lucidasans-bold-i-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.dialog.plain=\
-b&h-lucidasans-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.dialoginput.italic=\
-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.dialoginput.bold=\
-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.dialoginput.bolditalic=\
-b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.dialoginput.plain=\
-b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-m-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

fontset.default=\
-b&h-lucidasans-medium-r-normal-sans-*-%d-*-*-p-*-iso8859-1,\
-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.

filename.-default-simsun-medium-r-normal--*-100-*-*-c-*-gb2312.1980-0.=/usr/share/fonts/truetype/simsun.ttf

appendedfontpath=/usr/share/fonts/truetype

ivaneeo 2005-08-11 13:38 发表评论

在firefox里安装java插�g

ivaneeo — Mon, 08 Aug 2005 06:54:00 GMT
我的java是jre1.4.2�?
首先是进入firefox的插件目�?我的是~/.mozilla/plugins.
然后是确定jre的插件目�?我的是~/programs/j2sdk1.4.2_08/jre/plugin/i386/ns610-gcc32.�q�里是��用gcc32的系�l?
最后是做连�?具体如下:
$cd ~/.mozilla/plugins
$ln -s ~/programs/j2sdk1.4.2_08/jre/plugin/i386/ns610-gcc32/libjavaplugin_oji.so
重�vfirefox,��定插�g是否安装成功.在firefox输入about:plugins.有就成功�?

ivaneeo 2005-08-08 14:54 发表评论

ivaneeo — Fri, 05 Aug 2005 07:29:00 GMT
在sources.list中加�?
deb http://archive.ubuntu.org.cn/ubuntu-cn ubuntu.org.cn main

#apt-get update
#apt-get install ttf-arphic-newsung

�q�样��可以安装上新宋�?

ivaneeo 2005-08-05 15:29 发表评论

ivaneeo — Fri, 05 Aug 2005 07:23:00 GMT
kanru 是我国台湑֜��名的 Debian 黑客

引用:

作�? kanru

有在注意 freetype 最新發展的人應該已�E�知�?
freetype2 已經內徏�_�體模擬支援(cvs 版本)�Q�在 xft2 中相��應的程式碼也已�E�有�?
所以只要更新這兩個套件便可以有基本的�_�體支援眨眨�?

惌��嘗鮮的�h可以加入以下�?sources.list

代码:

deb http://people.debian.org.tw/~koster/debian/sid ./
deb-src http://people.debian.org.tw/~koster/debian/sid ./

其中 freetype2 的部份是今天更新�?cvs 版本�Q�有熱呼呼的的粗體支�?
xft2 是拿 debian 中的版本直接重新�R�譯�Q�讓 configure 偉|��到已�E�開啟模擬粗�?
更新 libfreetype6 �?libxft2 後重新啟�?X 便能體驗��C��違的�_�體眨眨�?

NOTE: 此修正是以直接修改底層的方式�Q�與其他之前�?patch 不同
��L��這些不同 patch 的套件將有不能預期的後果

盔R��E�址�Q?
freetype maillist �a�論�?
http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/f...5/msg00019.html
(Firefly) freetype已經接受�_�体補丁�Q?br> http://firefly.idv.tw/test/Forum.ph...=view&History=0

加了 apt 源后
apt-get update
apt-get install libfreetype6 libxft2

然后重启 X �Q?��可以看到效果了

引用:

作�? kanru
補充一�?
如果您有修改�?/etc/fonts/fonts.conf
請檢查有沒有這幾�?

PHP代码:

     <match target="font">                    <test name="weight" compare="less_eq">              <int>100int>          test>                    <test target="pattern" name="weight" compare="more_eq">              <int>200int>          test>                    <edit name="embolden" mode="assign">              <bool>truebool>          edit>      match>

這些是用?��O定啟用模擬粗體的�Q�是 Debian 預設安裝�Q�沒攚w�� fonts.conf 的�h應該不用再改

ivaneeo 2005-08-05 15:23 发表评论

ivaneeo — Fri, 05 Aug 2005 02:12:00 GMT
因�ؓsourcenav不支持中文的locale,所以会报错�?
只要输入:$export LANG=en_US
                 $export LC_ALL=en_US

$snavigator
�q�样��p��正确的�v�?

ivaneeo 2005-08-05 10:12 发表评论

通过mount命��o挂蝲samba

ivaneeo — Fri, 05 Aug 2005 01:12:00 GMT
详细的命令如�?
mount -t smbfs -o username=tridge,password=foobar //fjall/test /data/test

ivaneeo 2005-08-05 09:12 发表评论

ivaneeo — Thu, 04 Aug 2005 13:38:00 GMT
1.必须有SSH.
2.在HOME中＄ ssh-keygen -t rsa (用rsa加密产生一对公钥（id_rsa)和密�?id_rsa.pub)).
3.把公钥改一下名字然后拷到要登陆的机子上的HOME中的.ssh目录�?
注意:本地的用户名和要登陆的用户名要相�?

ivaneeo 2005-08-04 21:38 发表评论

在DELL PowerEdge2850上安装Debian sarge3.0r2

ivaneeo — Thu, 04 Aug 2005 13:37:00 GMT
1.在安装Grub/Lilo之前,alt+F2获得一个控制台.
2.# chroot /target
3.�?etc/mkinitrd/modules文�g中加入megaraid2.
4.# mount -t proc name /proc
5.# cp /boot/initrd.img-2.4.27-1-386 /boot/initrd.img-2.24.27-1-386.ORIG
6.# mkinitrd -o /boot/initrd.img-2.24.27-1-386
7.# cd /
  # umount /proc
  # exit
  退出chroot
8.alt+F1�q�回安装界面.

ivaneeo 2005-08-04 21:37 发表评论

ivaneeo — Thu, 04 Aug 2005 13:37:00 GMT
1.打开2401端口:�?etc/inetd.conf加入
  cvspserver stream tcp nowait.400 root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/cvs-pserver
2.讄��cvsd:
  命��o# cvsd-buildroot /data/cvs 建立/data/cvs根目�?
  命��o# mkdir /data/cvs/myrepos�? cvs -d /data/cvs/myrepos init初始化资源库.
  命��o# chown cvsd:cvsd -R /data/cvs
  �?etc/cvsd/cvsd.conf中RootJail后改�?data/cvs,最后加入Repos /myrepos
  命��o# cvsd-passwd /data/cvs/myrepos +cvs:cvsd加入用户.
  命��o# /etc/init.d/cvsd cvsd restart 重启cvsd.
  在home中徏�?.cvspass文�g.
  命��o�Q?export CVSROOT=:pserver:cvs@localhost:2401/myrepos加入环境变量.
  命��o�Q?cvs login登陆.

ivaneeo 2005-08-04 21:37 发表评论