public class NullPointerException

extends RuntimeException

當一個應用在需要一個對象的地方試圖使用 null 時拋出。它們包括：

• 調用一個 null 對象的實例方法。
• 訪問或修改一個 null 對象的域。
• 將 null 作為一個數組，使用它的長度。
• 將 null 作為一個數組，訪問或修改它的插口。
• 將 null 作為一個 Throwable 值拋出。

應用應該拋出該類的實例，指示其它對 null 對象的非法使用。

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構造子索引

NullPointerException()

構造一個沒有詳細消息的 NullPointerException。

NullPointerException(String)

構造一個具有指定詳細消息的 NullPointerException

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構造子

NullPointerException

 public NullPointerException()

構造一個沒有詳細消息的 NullPointerException。

NullPointerException

 public NullPointerException(String s)

構造一個具有指定詳細消息的 NullPointerException。

參數：

s - 詳細消息。

　Single inheritance precludes some useful and correct designs.The problems of multiple inheritance arise from multiple inheritance of implememtion, but in many cases multiple inheritance is used to inhert a number of abstract contracts and perhaps one concrete implementtation.Providing a means to inherit an abstract contract without inheriting an implementation allows the typing benefits of multiple inheritance without the problems of multiple implementation inheritance.The inheritance of an abstract contract is termed interface inhertiance. 　看完了程功的故事后，感到只有穩扎穩打才是真，只有努力才能成功，我是笨鳥，笨鳥只有以勤補拙，笨鳥是要先飛的． Garbage Collection
State the behavior that is guaranteed by the garbage collection system and write code that explicitly makes objects eligible for collection.
1.    Garbage collection is a mechanism for reclaiming memory from objects that are no longer in use, and making the memory available for new objects.
2.    An object being no longer in use means that it can’t be referenced by any ‘active’ part of the program.
3.    Garbage collection runs in a low priority thread. It may kick in when memory is too low. No guarantee.
4.    It’s not possible to force garbage collection. Invoking System.gc may start garbage collection process.
5.    There are no guarantees that the objects no longer in use will be garbage collected and their finalizers executed at all. gc might not even be run if the program execution does not warrant it. Thus any memory allocated during program execution might remain allocated after program termination, unless reclaimed by the OS or by other means.
6.    There are also no guarantees on the order in which the objects will be garbage collected or on the order in which the finalizers are called.
7.    Circular references do not prevent objects from being garbage collected.
8.    We can set the reference variables to null, hinting the gc to garbage collect the objects referred by the variables. Even if we do that, the object may not be gc-ed if it’s attached to a listener. (Typical in case of AWT components) Remember to remove the listener first.
9.    All objects have a finalize method. It is inherited from the Object class.
10.    finalize method is used to release system resources other than memory. (such as file handles and network connections) The order in which finalize methods are called may not reflect the order in which objects are created. Don’t rely on it. This is the signature of the finalize method.
protected void finalize() throws Throwable { }
In the descendents this method can be protected or public. Descendents can restrict the exception list that can be thrown by this method.
11.    finalize is called only once for an object. If any exception is thrown in finalize, the object is still eligible for garbage collection (at the discretion of gc)
12.    gc keeps track of unreachable objects and garbage-collects them, but an unreachable object can become reachable again by letting know other objects of its existence from its finalize method (when called by gc). This ‘resurrection’ can be done only once, since finalize is called only one for an object.
13.    finalize can be called explicitly, but it does not garbage collect the object.
14.    finalize can be overloaded, but only the method with original finalize signature will be called by gc.
15.    finalize is not implicitly chained. A finalize method in sub-class should call finalize in super class explicitly as its last action for proper functioning. But compiler doesn’t enforce this check.
16.    System.runFinalization can be used to run the finalizers (which have not been executed before) for the objects eligible for garbage collection.
17.    Local variables in methods go out of scope when the method exits. At this point the methods are eligible for garbage collection. Each time the method comes into scope the local variables are re-created.  
18.    Java uses a "mark sweep garbage collection algorithm, which traverses all the object references, marking any objects that are referred to and then garbage collecting any objects that are unmarked.
19.    Java allows you to add a finalize() method to any class. The finalize() method will be called before the garbage collector sweeps away the object. In practice, do not rely on the finalize method for recycling any resources that are in short supply - you simply cannot know when this method will be called.

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In the exam point of view :
??You must be able to identify when an object is available for gc - you have either set it to null or you
have "redirected" the variable that was originally referring to it, so that it now refers to a different
object.
??if you have a reference to an object say, A and then you pass A as an argument to some constructor -
new obj(A); - then even if you null your reference - A=null; - you can't say that A is available for
gc. So just follow the references and when they drop to zero you know its eligible/available for gc,
not that it will happen.

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I can not full understand these statements which are above.

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eg,
1. obj = new Jo();
2. obj.doSomething();
3. obj = new Jo(); //Same as obj=null;
4. obj.doSomething();

Object a = new Object();
Object a=null; //Now the object created in 1st line is available for gc
Object a=new Object();
a = new Object(); //same.
// Now original object created in line 1 is available for gc and a new
object is now out there referenced by "a".

Aclass a = new Aclass(); // Object 1
Aclass b= new Aclass(); // Object 2
Aclass c = new Aclass(); // Object 3
a=b; // now we have no valid object reference to object "a" and it will be
// garbage collected sometime after this statement. But when?......
a=c;
c=null; // no garbage collection will be eligible since
// "a" still refers to Object 3
a=null; // now object "c" is eligible for gc since it always had a valid reference.
// Should "b" go out of scope; then we would possibly have eligibility for gc.
// there might still be other references to object "b" preventing the collection.

Text Color Codes

In order to change text colors, you will need two things:

1. A command to change the text.
2. A color (hex) code.

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Changing Full-Page Text ColorsYou have the ability to change full-page text colors over four levels:

<TEXT="######"> -- This denotes the full-page text color.

<LINK="######"> -- This denotes the color of the links on your page.

<ALINK="######"> -- This denotes the color the link will flash when clicked upon.

<VLINK="######"> -- This denotes the colors of the links after they have been visited.

These commands come right after the <TITLE> commands. Again, in that position they affect everything on the page. Also... place them all together inside the same command along with any background commands. Something like this:

< BODY BGCOLOR="######" TEXT="######" LINK="######" VLINK="######">

Please note: When you write these codes, you can write them with a # sign in front of the hex code or not. It used to be that that was required, but not any more. I still use it just because I started that way. You may want to just go with the six-digit code. Also make sure to place a space between each command and be sure to enclose it in quotation marks, like so:

<VLINK="#FFFFFF">

問題：
　　上面的那幾個東西還沒有搞懂．不知道什么用？

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Changing Specific Word ColorBut I only want to change one word's color!

You'll use a color (hex) code to do the trick. Follow this formula:

<FONT COLOR="######">text text text text text</FONT>

It's a pain in the you-know-where, but it gets the job done. It works with all H commands and text size commands. Basically, if it's text, it will work.

Please note:
"Aqua" and "Cyan" produce the same color: 00FFFF
"Fuchsia" and "Magenta" produce the same color: FF00FF

Aliceblue F0F8FF	Antiquewhite FAEBD7	Aqua 00FFFF
Aquamarine 7FFFD4	Azure F0FFFF	Beige F5F5DC
Bisque FFE4C4	Black 000000	Blanchedalmond FFEBCD
Blue 0000FF	Blueviolet 8A2BE2	Brown A52A2A
Burlywood DEB887	Cadetblue 5F9EA0	Chartreuse 7FFF00
Chocolate D2691E	Coral FF7F50	Cornflowerblue 6495ED
Cornsilk FFF8DC	Crimson DC143C	Cyan 00FFFF
Darkblue 00008B	Darkcyan 008B8B	Darkgoldenrod B8860B
Darkgray A9A9A9	Darkgreen 006400	Darkkhaki BDB76B
Darkmagenta 8B008B	Darkolivegreen 556B2F	Darkorange FF8C00
Darkorchid 9932CC	Darkred 8B0000	Darksalmon E9967A
Darkseagreen 8FBC8F	Darkslateblue 483D8B	Darkslategray 2F4F4F
Darkturquoise 00CED1	Darkviolet 9400D3	deeppink FF1493
Deepskyblue 00BFFF	Dimgray 696969	Dodgerblue 1E90FF
Firebrick B22222	Floralwhite FFFAF0	Forestgreen 228B22
Fuchsia FF00FF	Gainsboro DCDCDC	Ghostwhite F8F8FF
Gold FFD700	Goldenrod DAA520	Gray 808080
Green 008000	Greenyellow ADFF2F	Honeydew F0FFF0
Hotpink FF69B4	Indianred CD5C5C	Indigo 4B0082
Ivory FFFFF0	Khaki F0E68C	Lavender E6E6FA
Lavenderblush FFF0F5	Lawngreen 7CFC00	Lemonchiffon FFFACD
Lightblue ADD8E6	Lightcoral F08080	Lightcyan E0FFFF
Lightgoldenrodyellow FAFAD2	Lightgreen 90EE90	Lightgrey D3D3D3
Lightpink FFB6C1	Lightsalmon FFA07A	Lightseagreen 20B2AA
Lightskyblue 87CEFA	Lightslategray 778899	Lightsteelblue B0C4DE
Lightyellow FFFFE0	Lime 00FF00	Limegreen 32CD32
Linen FAF0E6	Magenta FF00FF	Maroon 800000
Mediumauqamarine 66CDAA	Mediumblue 0000CD	Mediumorchid BA55D3
Mediumpurple 9370D8	Mediumseagreen 3CB371	Mediumslateblue 7B68EE
Mediumspringgreen 00FA9A	Mediumturquoise 48D1CC	Mediumvioletred C71585
Midnightblue 191970	Mintcream F5FFFA	Mistyrose FFE4E1
Moccasin FFE4B5	Navajowhite FFDEAD	Navy 000080
Oldlace FDF5E6	Olive 808000	Olivedrab 688E23
Orange FFA500	Orangered FF4500	Orchid DA70D6
Palegoldenrod EEE8AA	Palegreen 98FB98	Paleturquoise AFEEEE
Palevioletred D87093	Papayawhip FFEFD5	Peachpuff FFDAB9
Peru CD853F	Pink FFC0CB	Plum DDA0DD
Powderblue B0E0E6	Purple 800080	Red FF0000
Rosybrown BC8F8F	Royalblue 4169E1	Saddlebrown 8B4513
Salmon FA8072	Sandybrown F4A460	Seagreen 2E8B57
Seashell FFF5EE	Sienna A0522D	Silver C0C0C0
Skyblue 87CEEB	Slateblue 6A5ACD	Slategray 708090
Snow FFFAFA	Springgreen 00FF7F	Steelblue 4682B4
Tan D2B48C	Teal 008080	Thistle D8BFD8
Tomato FF6347	Turquoise 40E0D0	Violet EE82EE
Wheat F5DEB3	White FFFFFF	Whitesmoke F5F5F5

this color model is about html

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實例形式的變壓器模式的類圖定義如下。

圖2. 實例變壓器模式的類圖定義

在圖1可以看出,模式所涉及的成員有：

• 目標（Target）。這就是我們所期待得到的接口。目標可以是實的或抽象的類。
  
  
• 源（Adaptee）。現有需要適配的接口。
  
  
• 變壓器（Adapter）。變壓器類是本模式的核心。變壓器把源接口轉換成目標接口。 顯然，這一角色必須是實類。

　　本模式的示范代碼如下：

package com.javapatterns.adapter;
public interface Target {
    /**
     * Class Adaptee contains operation sampleOperation1.
     */
    void sampleOperation1();
    /**
     * Class Adaptee doesn't contain operation sampleOperation2.
     */
    void sampleOperation2();
}

代碼清單4. Target的源代碼。

package com.javapatterns.adapter;
public class Adapter implements Target {
public Adapter(Adaptee adaptee){
        super();
        this.adaptee = adaptee;
    }
    public void sampleOperation1(){
        adaptee.sampleOperation1();
    }
    public void sampleOperation2(){
        // Write your code here
    }
    private Adaptee adaptee;
}

　　代碼清單5. Adapter的源代碼。

package com.javapatterns.adapter;
public class Adaptee {
    public void sampleOperation1(){}
}

代碼清單6. Adaptee的源代碼。

　　實例形式的變壓器模式的效果

　　第一、 一個變壓器可以把多種不同的源適配到同一個目標。換言之，同一個變壓器可以把源類和它的子類都適配到目標接口。

　　第二、 與類形式的變壓器模式相比，要想置換源類的方法就不容易。如果一定要置換掉源類的一個或多個方法，就只好先做一個源類的子類， 將源類的方法置換掉，然后再把源類的子類當作真正的源進行適配。

　　第三、 雖然要想置換源類的方法不容易，但是要想增加一些新的方法則方便得很。 而且新增加的方法同時適用于所有的源。

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利用變壓器模式指方為圓

　　中國古代有趙高指鹿為馬的故事。鹿與馬有很多相似之處，沒見過的人本就分辨不清，指一指可能沒什么大不了的。 指方為圓是否太過？非也。本例就是要指方為圓，需要的只是變壓器模式這個魔術手指（Magic Finger）。

　　變壓器模式在本例子的類圖如下。

圖6. 指方為圓的變壓器模式類圖

package com.javapatterns.adapter.cube2ball;
public class Cube
{
    public Cube(double width)
    {
        this.width = width;
    }
    public double calculateVolume()
    {
     return width * width * width;
    }
    public double calculateFaceArea()
    {
        return width * width;
    }
    public double getWidth()
    {
        return this.width;
    }
    public void setWidth(double width)
    {
        this.width = width;
    }
    private double width;
}

代碼清單8. Cube類的源代碼。。

package com.javapatterns.adapter.cube2ball;
public interface BallIF
{
    double calculateArea();
    double calculateVolume();
    double getRadius();
    void setRadius(double radius);
}

代碼清單9. BallIF接口的源代碼。

package com.javapatterns.adapter.cube2ball;
public class MagicFinger implements BallIF
{
    public MagicFinger(Cube adaptee)
    {
        super();
        this.adaptee = adaptee;
        radius = adaptee.getWidth();
    }
    public double calculateArea()
    {
        return PI * 4.0D * ( radius * radius );
    }
    public double calculateVolume()
    {
        return PI * 4.0D/3.0D * ( radius * radius * radius );
    }
    public double getRadius()
    {
     return radius;
    }
    public void setRadius(double radius)
    {
     this.radius = radius;
    }
    private double radius = 0;
    private static final double PI = 3.14D;
    private Cube adaptee;
}

代碼清單10. MagicFinger類的源代碼。

　　如果讀者還記得中學的數學的話，應該可以看出，我們的指方為圓系統其實還是有道理的。它接受一個正方體， 返還此正方體的內切球，也就是能放進此正方體的最大的球。

　　顯然，本例子里，我們使用的是實例形式的變壓器模式。這樣做的好處是，如果一旦我們決定不僅要支持正方體， 而且要支持四面體等多面體，我們可以使用同一個MagicFinger類，而不必針對每一個多面體都建立一個MagicFinger類。 這樣也比較符合“魔術手指”這個名字。