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What Is GNU/Linux?
GNU/Linux is a modular operating system that looks and acts like a more intelligently programmed, up-to-date Unix. The term itself -- GNU/Linux -- is extremely vague and doesn't exist in the literal sense. You don't go to the store and buy GNU/Linux; instead you buy a software distribution (or distro for short) that uses GNU/Linux as its basis. So while you can't buy "Linux" at the store, you can buy SUSE Linux or Linspire.
Distributions can fundamentally differ in several ways:
- Base operating system
- Software management and updating
- Hardware management
- Desktop environment and theme
- Proprietary extras
The sections below will cover each of these topics in depth. If there is one particular area that you are confused about, feel free to skip down to the appropriate section. The next topic will cover how GNU/Linux differs from Unix and other Unix-like operating systems.
BSD, Unix, OS X, Linux?
There are many Unix-like operating systems and derivatives. Which ones are which?
| Category | OSes | Origin of code? |
| GNU | GNU/Linux, GNU/HURD, GNU/Mach, GNU/BSD | Free Software Foundation; kernels developed separately except HURD. The Linux kernel was originally written by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by him. |
| BSD | FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DesktopBSD, BSD/OS | UC Berkeley, originally; each project has been developed separately since the early-mid 1990s, however. |
| Unix | Solaris, AIX, IRIX, HP/UX, Tru64, UnixWare, OpenServer | Bell Labs (AT&T) developed the original Unix code. UNIX is now a trademarked operating system certification program instead of an operating system, and no longer requires that a compliant OS contain AT&T Unix source code to achieve brand certification. Despite that, all of the extant Unix derivatives are compliant with at least one published UNIX standard. |
| Darwin | Darwin, OS X | Based on the NeXTSTEP operating system, which used the Mach kernel and some FreeBSD programs and networking code. OS X is developed from Darwin. |
| Minix | Minix | Originally written by Andrew Tanenbaum, but now mostly developed by a handful of others |
GNU/Linux is only one possible combination of the GNU operating system with a separate kernel. GNU's own kernel is HURD, but it's been in development for a long time and is nowhere near ready for production. GNU/BSD and GNU/Mach exist, but more for experimental purposes than anything else. So in effect, GNU/Linux is the only GNU-based operating system that matters. Theoretically, you could use the operating system components from BSD and eliminate GNU entirely (or almost entirely) from GNU/Linux, but that would -- again -- be purely an academic pursuit.
Of the above-listed operating systems, only GNU/Linux has a variety of software distributions. The others are software distributions in themselves. The one exception is Solaris, which is based on code from the OpenSolaris project. There is at least one other OpenSolaris-based distribution aside from Solaris, and others are probably in development.
Most of these operating systems are similar in superficial ways. All are command line-based at heart, even if many of them default to graphical interfaces. Most of them share the majority of their terminal commands -- or have commands that have largely similar functionality and syntax -- so if you know one system very well, it is not difficult to learn a different one. GNU's userland utilities were improved replacements of Unix commands; BSD was originally developed from Unix source code, so its userland utilities started out as clones of Unix commands and have evolved from there. Some of these OSes can use the same software programs if properly configured. Some are restricted to specific hardware architectures, while others are extraordinarily versatile in terms of what computers they can operate on.
The amount of code- and program-sharing among all of these operating systems varies. All of them are guaranteed to have either BSD code integrated somewhere, or at least one GNU utility (usually the GNU Compiler Collection, the BASH terminal program, or the Emacs text editor, among many others) included by default.
Base operating system differences
Among GNU/Linux distributions, there can be many variances in the base operating system (kernel and userland utilities). Some have unique methods of managing startup scripts; others mimic BSD or Unix. You can know everything there is to know about creating and modifying init scripts on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, then be totally lost when trying to implement the same changes on Gentoo Linux.
Almost all distros make their own small, custom changes to the Linux kernel in order to accommodate other changes or additions that the distribution maintainers want to make. This makes each distro's kernel unique, and probably incompatible with other distributions. Commercial desktop GNU/Linux distros usually have extensively hacked kernels that support proprietary programs like Win4Lin, VMware, and proprietary hardware drivers.
GNU/Linux distributions are generally binary compatible with each other. That means that a program that will work on SUSE Linux will also work on Xandros and Linspire and any other distribution of the same generation and hardware architecture. Like all other operating systems, programs that are compiled for one architecture will not work on others. The only exception is 32-bit x86 binaries, which will work with most 64-bit AMD64 and Intel EM64T computers.
Software management and updating
Chances are, if you've selected the right GNU/Linux distribution for your needs, you won't have to add any extra software to it. If you do, most distros have software repositories that contain thousands of extra software packages that have been certified to work with your configuration. All you have to do is figure out which programs you want, select them from a list, and everything is installed for you. It's much like using Windows Update.
Also like Windows Update, all major GNU/Linux distributions come equipped with a software update framework. Unlike Windows Update, however, GNU/Linux updaters will find patches and bug fixes for all of the software on your computer -- not just the basic operating system. Each distribution has its own specialized update tools, but they are all generally easy to use.
On a more basic level, GNU/Linux distributions install software in one of two ways: by compiling from source code, or -- more commonly -- by installing precompiled binary packages.
Source-based distributions like Gentoo and Arch still have a software management framework like the big fancy commercial distros, but you have extra options. You can add in compiler flags to make programs a little faster or use less memory, or you can build applications with hooks to other programs so that your software is more interoperable. Binary distributions make guesses as to what your needs will be, and try to cover all of the bases by compiling everything in. In the real world, you're not going to notice much of a difference by adding compiler optimizations and other options, but if you like tinkering with your computer, you'll enjoy the experience.
Source-based distros will take a lot longer to manage because it takes time to compile large programs. You can use binary packages to get started, but updates are applied by compiling from source code. A binary installation of the KDE desktop environment takes only slightly longer than the time consumed downloading the binaries from the Internet, but compiling the full KDE system from source can literally take days. The same can be said of such behemoths as OpenOffice.org, GNOME, and Mozilla.
Binary distributions almost exclusively use two package formats for programs: RPM (a recursive acronym for RPM Package Manager), and DEB (short for Debian, a GNU/Linux distribution that is commonly used as a basis for others). In the old days, you may have had to go searching for RPMs or DEBs of programs that you wanted. In this day and age, however, you use your package manager to find and retrieve them for you. In the event that you must install one of these packages by hand, there are graphical alternatives to the standard command line tools for installing them. There are even tools available to use DEB packages on RPM-based distros, and vice-versa. Usually programs are packaged in both formats, though.
Red Hat (and Fedora Core), SUSE, and Mandriva are three well-known distributions that use RPM packages. Linspire, Xandros, Debian, Ubuntu, and Mepis are some of the most popular DEB-based distributions. Both package formats are heavily entrenched in these and other distributions; neither seeks to replace the other.
Occasionally you might see someone on a message forum or mailing list complaining about RPMs and "dependency hell." This is because individual packages usually depend on other packages, and that means tracking down several RPMs to install one program, then doing some command line kung-fu to install them in the right order. Again, this is the old way of doing things -- nowadays you let your package manager do the work for you.
Popular package managers include:
Hardware management
Commercial GNU/Linux distributions include software that automatically detects and installs the proper drivers for all of your computer hardware and peripherals. Usually it works perfectly without any user intervention necessary. Sometimes it encounters unsupported hardware, or hardware that requires a newer kernel or driver. Some distros share the same autodetection and hardware management code, some have a totally unique hardware management framework.
Non-commercial distros are usually good at detecting hardware, but never contain proprietary drivers for ATI and Nvidia video cards, some kinds of wireless network chips, RAID cards, and video capture cards. Drivers for these devices require licensing and distribution agreements that non-commercial distribution developers are generally unwilling to negotiate, agree to, or pay for. This means that if you want to take full advantage of your 3D graphics card, you will have to download and install a proprietary video driver. A simple Google search will usually yield installation instructions. Again, this is best done by adding software repository sources to your package manager instead of installing them by hand.
Desktop environments and themes
The two primary desktop environments in the world of GNU/Linux are GNOME and KDE. Most distros support both, and usually default to one or the other. There are also window managers, which don't have the large number of integrated programs, but are usually considered to be more responsive and efficient on slower computers. Which one you should use is entirely a matter of preference.
Aside from desktop environment, each distribution has its own special color, icon, login, desktop, and menu theme. You can change the theme -- there are several dozen good themes available, and more coming out every week -- so don't let the default look and feel of the desktop discourage you. You can make KDE look almost exactly like Windows XP, and you can make GNOME look almost exactly like Apple OS X. Window managers are even more customizable, but often require you to edit configuration files by hand.
Proprietary extras
In addition to the proprietary hardware drivers mentioned previously, there are also proprietary software extras that are an important complement to the desktop computing experience. Most people will, at one time or another, need to access a PDF, Java applet, Flash animation, or video file on the World Wide Web. And when they need to see those files, they need browser plugins to do it. Unfortunately, all of the most functional plugins for these technologies are not free-as-in-rights, and won't be included with the majority of GNU/Linux distributions. If you want them, you have to either choose a commercial distro (there are some recommendations in a section below), or add them by hand. As I've said before, adding them by hand is not necessarily difficult, but it will take some reading and research to get everything working perfectly. If you are not prepared to do this, do not choose a GNU/Linux distro that does not include these extras.
Recommendations
If you don't know what you're doing, don't choose distributions that require a lot of legwork to configure basic services or install extra software. If you are new to GNU/Linux and want a great desktop experience, I recommend trying these distros (listed in no specific order):
All of these distros will cost you something -- usually under US $100. A lot of experienced GNU/Linux enthusiasts will recommend non-commercial distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora Core, or Debian. These are good distros and are available free of charge, but require that you add proprietary video drivers and Web browser plugins by hand, and don't have the same kind of automatic hardware management that the four distros I listed above have. That means that you could end up rather frustrated by your GNU/Linux experience. Also stay away from the open source edition of SUSE Linux -- that is also missing many of the proprietary extras that you're used to in Windows or OS X (the commercial version of SUSE does have plugins for Java, Flash, and PDF). It's not tough to add them if you follow this guide, but many people are not prepared to get that technical with their software.
If you're looking for a distro that is more suited to server use, try these:
Again, people will argue that other distros or Unix-like OSes are better, but the above-mentioned distributions are easy to install, configure, and manage, and come with extensive documentation and commercial support. You will have a much easier time with them, and you're better off going with one of these if you're new to GNU/Linux or Unix-like operating systems in general. You can make virtually any GNU/Linux distribution into a server of any kind; it's just a matter of how much work you have to do to prepare and maintain it. If you don't want to do a lot of work, choose one of the above distros.
Non-commercial desktop distributions of note include:
If you would prefer more of a challenge, as either a server or a desktop OS, try these distros:
Lastly, if you would like to see what a GNU/Linux desktop can look like, you can download Knoppix, a distro that runs entirely from a CD. You write the ISO file to a blank CD-R disc, then restart your computer with the disc in the CD drive. You'll run a whole distribution right from the CD. When you're done playing around, just select the Shutdown menu option, remove the CD from the drive, and restart -- nothing will be written to your hard drive.
Copyright 2006 Jem Matzan.
link: http://www.softwareinreview.com/cms/content/view/26/1/
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准备面试的方?br />
书、杂志、组l和研讨?
本文的参考目录中列出?jin)许多能得到有效的管理实践信息的地方。去L理斚w的书c，包括技术管理和商业理两个斚w。阅ȝ理大师，例如Q?span lang="EN-US">Peter DruckerQ?span lang="EN-US">C. A. Gallagher?span lang="EN-US">A. Maslow写的书和文章。他们提供了(jin)在Q何领域都使用的管理知识。信息管理大师例如：(x)Tom DeMarco, M. Page-Jones, Ed Yourdon, L. L. Constantine{等提供?jin)许多条理清楚的、经q实跉|验的Ҏ(gu)?span lang="EN-US">
如果你要同用户一起工作，要阅M本有关领域的专业书籍。了(jin)解业务比?jin)解技术环境更重要。事实上Q让用户参加面试q程来流行。要准备得更充分Q可以买一本《哈?jng)商业评论》（Harvard Business ReviewQ这是一本很好的杂志Q适用于商业读者同样也适用?span lang="EN-US">IT理。许?span lang="EN-US">IT杂志例如?span lang="EN-US">CIO杂志》及(qing)在参考书目中列出的书目中都有有关目理和h员管理方面的文章。这些杂志中q包括概括或详细的技术性文章?span lang="EN-US">
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你应该了(jin)解的软g
掌握一U项目管理工兗例如微软的Project?span lang="EN-US">Applied Business Technology/Project Workbench。所有这些工具都有许多有效的目理Ҏ(gu)和术语字典?span lang="EN-US">
除了(jin)上述提到的工具外Q还有一个越来越行的工具可以针对不同技术环境中的项目在计划~制、费用估和理Ҏ(gu)上提供帮助。这个工具就?span lang="EN-US">LBMS/Process EngineerQ具?span lang="EN-US">CASE界面的工兗?span lang="EN-US">
如果你用过此类工具Q把q些内容列在你的历中。当?dng)不仅要掌握工P你还必须h坚实的基知识和项目管理方法?span lang="EN-US">
一个项目经理必智多谋。通过emailq行通信已经取代?jin)?sh)话和邮寄备忘录。许多公司有自己的系l，q有许多公司使用Lotus Notes。无论是用何U品，必须h如下性能Q?
· 能够与处于不同地理位|的人取得联p?
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L思想
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目l理必须建立一套专业标准。但按照一套完的例子来进行管理却是一个失败的目l理。这虽然说明他们的多才多艺，但更体现?jin)他们在授权和沟通方面的能力不。原来想积极工作的员工变得消极的做法可以毁?jin)项目经理。你在技术方面的能力应该用于指导和培训员工。如果你参与~程或设计，你不是在开发你的团队，也不是在做项目经理?span lang="EN-US">
目计划技?
以下是在面试中通常?x)提到的有关目计划~制的术语和图表。大多项目计划编制工具都?x)用到一些或全部术语和功能。你应该复习(fn)一下有用的一个或多个目理工具Q这有助于你q一步熟(zhn)常用的技术和功能?span lang="EN-US">
图表cdQ?span lang="EN-US">
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面试中的表达的要?span lang="EN-US">(q问题没被?span lang="EN-US">)
如果你没有管理经?
对于那些从未正式理q一个项目的Q可能是非正式地理q的人。在那些情况中，当强调他们的技术背景优势的同时需要明说明他们没认识C们已掌握的那些技巧。你可以提及(qing)你是怎么不得不在没有授权的情况下领导一个大型的开发团队进行工作的。需要强调的是没有一个稳固的技术的基础,你的工程d和估计的军_可能被过分简单化。当你是目的领ghQ你需要提供技术的q诏避免团队负荷工作?span lang="EN-US">
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你不需要理解技术环境的内部是如何工作的Q但是你应该理解一般的概念和特征决定环境的能力和弱炏V许多项目管理技巧是出技术范围的。因?span lang="EN-US">,如果你的技术技巧是落伍的，你仍然能你在技术上能负独立责Q。提?qing)你理的应用类型和及(qing)其商业作用。提?qing)团队是如何有效地完成目标的。强调你的管理哲学。提CU，与你C同等的hQ你的用户和部下是如何评价你的管理能力的Q记住提起Q何你掌握的商务领域知识。在面试时应该将你对你的技能落后的恐惧抛在一旁。一旦你拥有q个工作Q你能向公司内的专家询问。在所有组l中都有各方面专家的非正式的机构。你可以到处打听一下，把他们找出来?span lang="EN-US">
问面试官的问题：(x)
即你通过面试Q得C(jin)q个职位Q你q需要信息进行估Pq时是你的好Z(x)。如果这是目l理的第一个工作Q务，q尤其是关键。你需要明白你的工作环境。因此，你可以问下列问题Q?span lang="EN-US">
1. 公司优先权是什么？
2. 本项目的执行资助者是谁？
3. 公司使用的开发原理体pL什么？
4. 本项目最后期限是什么？
5. 有量度项目成功的Ҏ(gu)吗？
6. 你的新经理将怎样保持目信息灵通？
7. 你的新经理管理哲学和风格是什么？
8. 目上的Z的技能水qx什么？
9. 你将理的项目的范围被充分地定义吗？
10. 技术环境已l选好?jin)吗Q?span lang="EN-US">
以下是典型的目理面试中通常?x)问到的问题Q期望的回答Q：(x)
很多的问题的{案是主观的Q面试官想知道你的观Ҏ(gu)否和他们的及(qing)公司一致。问题的构成如下Q?span lang="EN-US">
1. 目理软g工具知识Q?span lang="EN-US">
2. ~制目计划的技?Q?span lang="EN-US">
3. 人员理技?span lang="EN-US">
4. 沟通技?span lang="EN-US">
5. 原理体系知识Q标准开发生命周期和目理 Q?span lang="EN-US">
目理软g工具知识
问题1Q工期和工作量之间的差异是什么？
{案1Q工期是商业/日历上的天数Q与人数和工作量无关。工作量是与日历天数无关的h的工作。例如：(x)
一天的工作量对于一个一只花50%在时间在上面的h来说Q他的工期就是两天。如果两个h全职工作Q工期是1天，而工作量是两个工作日?span lang="EN-US">
问题2Q怎样和ؓ(f)什么要在编刉目计划时考虑依赖关系Q?span lang="EN-US">
{案2Q根据用的软g包，依赖关系可以通过Q务及(qing)其后lQ务的标识W进行关联来表示。依赖关p说明了(jin)d之间兌/q列的要求。依赖关pd以是指在另一个Q务能开始之前有一个Q务必d成。例如，逻辑模型必须在物理模型前完成。但试q不是要在所有编E工作完成之后才开始，如果没有完成的程序对U性测试没有媄(jing)响?span lang="EN-US">
目计划加入依赖关系Q就能找出项目的关键路径q且能够定它对目工期的媄(jing)响?span lang="EN-US">
问题3Q你怎样h的工作步调与计划l合Q?span lang="EN-US">
{案3Q根据组l用的具体的工P可以资源拆成更的资源/单位Q或者可以将d拆成更小的Q务?span lang="EN-US">
问题4Q你怎样培训，假日和个人教育时间表l合hQ?span lang="EN-US">
{案4Q每个品都有标明不工作的天数的公司/全球的日历。每个品都也有个h的资源日历标明个Z工作的时间。如果项目需要教育和培训Q应该把它们象Q务那样写在项目计划上?span lang="EN-US">
问题5Q你怎样安排cM状态会(x)议这栯I整个项目但只需要极的旉和工作量的Q务？
{案5Q它的工期将和整个项目时间一样长Q占工作量的癑ֈ比很。被分配lQ务的每个在该d的时间占他时间的癑ֈ比极低?span lang="EN-US">
问题6Q实冉|告对计划的作用以?qing)实况与最初预计的比较有何价|
{案6Q根据组l用的特定的工P每个工具都ؓ(f)实况报告中输入相互独立的要素/域信息。也可以报表进行分c，来向团队成员和其他相兛_体说明关键\径的变化或时间表的调整。这些报告对已实现工作评价和作ؓ(f)在计划下一个工E或阶段的输入有价倹{另一个把估计和实冉|告比较的有h(hun)值的用途是把范围变更对目的媄(jing)响记录下来?span lang="EN-US">
做项目计划的技?span lang="EN-US">
问题7Q你Z么制定项目计划？
{案7Q项目计划是实现成功的系l的路线图。它提供?jin)一U手D|通知每个人希望他们做什么及(qing)何时完成。它帮助目l理使管理层Q商务用户和支持团体?jin)解目状态和调整Ҏ(gu)的资源。逐项列记?span lang="EN-US">?/span>一览表?/span>协助对Q何变动的影响q行q速评估。当实况报告与计划联pv来后Q项目计划ؓ(f)今后目的Q务划分和估算提供?jin)有用的信息?span lang="EN-US">
问题8Q你怎样着手做目的计划？
{案8Q进E安排是一门艺术。根据已知有关业务目标的事实Q公怸般标准，以及(qing)可以利用的过ȝl验。可以从清楚地定义范围和目标开始。把目的风险和制约做成文g。差的估计源于对业务知识和项目范围缺乏了(jin)解。可以从目d分解入手Q例如先划分阶段Q然后定义每个阶D늚zdQ再定义每个zd中的d。识别和文化里E碑和可交付产品。项目计划是当信息变得可以利用的Ӟ不断l化的有生命文g。很好地记录q度的变化对目l理Q开发团队，支持团队Q以?qing)管理层Q商业用户都有益处?span lang="EN-US">
问题9Q你怎样着手制定项目计划？
{案9Q在适当的活动和阶段或其他的概括的标准说明下Q输入确定的d。将适当的可交付产品?qing)里E碑和特定的d联系h。连接全部需要依赖关联的d。把资源角色或资源名字加到每个Q务上。应用度量结果确定事先的d工作量，把更多的旉用于需求收集，设计和测试。考虑所有已知的节假日，培训Q休假或其他的资源停工时间。计划草案将同支持团体，理层和商务用户一起复查，做ؓ(f)补充性的输入和最l的批准?span lang="EN-US">
原文链接Q?/span>http://pm.csai.cn/manager/NO415.htm
]]>
法工具Q?br />
ZJava的遗传算法工具JGAP是一ƄJava~写的遗传算法包。它提供?jin)基本的遗传法Q你可以使用它来解决一些适合用遗传算法解决的问题?005q?2?0日止最新的版本是JGAP2.5。下载地址 https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=11618&package_id=48940
Jakarta Commons Math 是Jakarta Commons 的一个单独的子项目，主要包括数学和统计学lg。下载地址 http://jakarta.apache.org/site/downloads/downloads_commons-math.cgi
Java函数~程工具FunctionalJ是一个开源的工具包，能够帮助你在Java中进行函数编E。下载地址 http://functionalj.sourceforge.net/
JFormula是由JAPISoft 开发的一l数学表辑ּAPIQ用于计各U不同的数学表达式。下载链?/font> http://www.japisoft.com/download.html
标签工具Q?br />
AJAXTag是一lJSP标签Q用来简化AJAX技术在JSP面中的使用。它提供?jin)一些常见功能的标签如下拉联选择Q用户在文本框中输入字符自动从指定的数据中匹配用戯入的字符{。它构徏在JavaScript框架之上。下载地址 http://sourceforge.net/projects/ajaxtags/
|络应用框架:
Apache Mina 0.9: MINA (Multipurpose Infrastructure for Network Applications)是一个网l应用程序框架。用户利用它可以Ҏ(gu)地开发高性能和高伸羃性的|络应用E序。下载地址 http://svn.apache.org/repository/directory-network/
AJAX应用框架:
Buffalo是由国h开发的Ajax框架。Buffalo中定义了(jin)Webq程调用的传输基Qƈ且将q程调用对象完整的序列化C(jin)本地Q成为可以被JavaScript~程触及(qing)的对象。Buffalo中的重要lg - BuffaloBindingQ提供了(jin)JavaScript对象l定到HTML元素的能力。这U绑定将是无侵入的，只需要在HTML元素中加入若q个不媄(jing)响排版的属性，卛_数据与界面l定?br /> Buffalo 1.1 之前的版本重要的功能主要集中于远E调用与Java对象/JavaScript对象之间的双向序列化Q这个特性已l被众多的应用久l考验Q被认ؓ(f)是健壮的。它大大减少?jin)在Java对象与JavaScript对象之间需要考虑的细节，开发者可以更用心(j)地进行业务设计和界面设计?.2版本的推出，引入?jin)新的众多的?gu)包括，新的重新改写的Spring集成Q与行javascript库prototype的集成，支持览器前q后退按钮Q等{?br /> 下蝲链接
http://www.amowa.net/buffalo/
AJAXq项用于创徏互动Web应用的技术正在爆发式的进入到Web开发领域中Q?span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">q速的变得如此热门以至于一些开发?span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">在技术上无法?qing)时更新。ؓ(f)?jin)满x快的开?span lang="EN-US">AJAX的需求，已经有不公司和开发者社区正在推?span lang="EN-US">AJAX?span lang="EN-US">RADq_。其?span lang="EN-US">ThinkCAP框架集成?jin)超q?span lang="EN-US">24U开源代码库?span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">现在Q?span lang="EN-US">ThinkCAP的框枉分也以GPL方式开?/span>?jin)。详l链?span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">http://trends.newsforge.com/article.pl?sid=06/01/08/1725231
可视化工?
Fabric 是一个用于用L(fng)面开发的有力工具Q面向创建可视化Java Bean的用戗Fabric的执行技?Park'可以L的集合XML-based用户界面语言到rich 界面。链接地址Q?/font> http://www.platespiller.com/download.jsp
搜烦(ch)引擎:
Compass 0.7.0: Compass 具备一个强大的、事务的、高性能的对?搜烦(ch)引擎映射Q与一个Java持久层框架。下载地址
http://www.compassframework.org/display/SITE/Downloads
JDK Date和Calendar的替代工?
Joda-Time提供?jin)一lJavacdQ用于处理包括ISO8601标准在内的date和time。利用它可以把JDK Date和Calendarcd全替换掉Q而且仍然能够提供很好的集成?Joda-Time主要的特点包括：(x)易于使用Q易于扩展，提供一l完整的功能Q有着比JDK Calendar更好的整体性能{等。下载链?/font>
http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=97367&package_id=104212
Java 3D 工具:
Java XTools是一个用来提高Java 以及(qing)Java 3D 功能Ҏ(gu)的工具。下载地址
http://freshmeat.net/projects/xtools/?branch_id=39620&release_id=217167
地理信息pȝ服务?
GeoServer 1.3.0-PR1: GeoServer是OpenGIS的web服务器规范的J2EE实现。下载链?/font>
http://freshmeat.net/projects/geoserver/?branch_id=44295&release_id=217272
GeoServer 开发组q日宣布Q地理信息系l服务器GeoServer 1.3.1 beta 发布?jin)。GeoServer是OpenGIS的web服务器规范的J2EE实现。该新版本中最显著的改q就是增加了(jin)GeoTools 2.2.xQ增加了(jin)许多新功能。下载链?/font>
http://docs.codehaus.org/display/GEOS/2006/05/06/GeoServer+1.3.1+beta+release
试工具Q?/strong>
TestNG是根据JUnit 和NUnit思想而构建的一个测试框Ӟ但是TestNG增加?jin)许多新的功能得它变得更加强大与容易用。链接地址
http://testng.org/
FindBugs可以用来扑ևpȝ源代码中存在的BugQ与设计上存在的问题Q非常好的一个捉虫Y件。链接地址Q?/font>
http://findbugs.sourceforge.net/
压羃工具?
TrueZIP 是一个ZIP压羃工具包，Z提供ZIP相关功能Q你可以调用q个ZIP压羃工具包进行压~操作。TrueZIP则针对java.util.zip中的~点q行?jin)完善。链接地址
https://truezip.dev.java.net/
报表制作工具Q?/strong>
OpenReports 提供Zweb 的灵zL表解x案，支持 PDFQHTML 和XLS 报表格式Q基于WebWorkQHibernate ?Velocity 开发完成，q且q提供一个整合了(jin)Tomcat 的OpenReports-Tomcat 文g下蝲. 新版本包括了(jin)一pd的bug fix?br /> 下蝲地址Q?/font>
http://oreports.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=30
]]>
| Features | Spring | Pico | Yan/Nuts |
|---|---|---|---|
|
xml configuration |
Yes |
Through Nano Container |
Yes |
|
Life cycle |
Singleton only |
Singleton only |
Both singleton and prototype |
|
Parametered and ad-hoc life cycle |
No |
No |
Through <lifecycle> tag |
|
Constructor Injection |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Setter Injection |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Factory Method Injection |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Referencing Field |
FieldRetrievingFactoryBean |
Implement ComponentAdapter |
Through <field> tag. |
|
Anonymous sub-bean |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
|
Ad-hoc bean combination |
No |
No |
Through <sequence> or <callcc> tags |
|
Concise collection literal |
No |
No |
Yes |
|
named local bean |
No |
No |
Through <local> tag |
|
Bean Definition Reuse |
through "abstract" bean |
|
Through <function> tag |
|
import module |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
|
module private beans |
No |
No |
Through "export" and "hide" attribute of <module> |
|
Selective import by bean names |
No |
No |
Through "includes" and "excludes" attribute of <import> |
|
Import with namespace |
No |
No |
Through "namespace" attribute of <import> |
|
Singleton bean with prototype property |
Requires Cglib and bytecode generation |
ComponentAdapter combination |
Through component combination |
|
Dependency Injection for objects not managed by container |
Supported at the cost of Spring API dependency |
No |
Through <function> and <factory> tag |
|
Extensible tag library |
No. But FactoryBean is a substitute |
No |
By implementing subclasses of Nut |
|
Configuration unit-testable within configuration file. |
No |
No |
By using <sequence> together with <assertEqual>, <assertSame>, <if>, <unless>, <fail> etc. |
|
autoproxy |
Yes |
|
No |
|
Custom PropertyEditor |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
|
Container hierarchy |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
|
AOP support |
Both Spring AOP and AspectJ |
Via dynaop |
Any AOP solution can be plugged in. An integration package for spring AOP is provided out-of-box. |
|
Declarative Transactional support |
Yes |
No. But Spring's declarative transaction support is integrated. |
|
|
Scripting language support |
Not yet |
Nano Container |
Not yet |
]]>
Ctrl+D: 删除当前行?br />Ctrl+Alt+↓ 复制当前行C一?复制增加)
Ctrl+Alt+↑ 复制当前行C一?复制增加)
Alt+↓ 当前行和下面一行交互位|?特别实用,可以省去先剪?再粘贴了(jin))
Alt+↑ 当前行和上面一行交互位|?同上)
Alt+← 前一个编辑的面
Alt+→ 下一个编辑的面(当然是针对上面那条来说了(jin))
Alt+Enter 昄当前选择资源(工程,or 文g or文g)的属?br />Shift+Enter 在当前行的下一行插入空?q时鼠标可以在当前行的Q一位置,不一定是最?
Shift+Ctrl+Enter 在当前行插入I(原理同上?
Ctrl+Q 定位到最后编辑的地方
Ctrl+L 定位在某行?对于E序过100的h有音?
Ctrl+M 最大化当前的Edit或View (再按则反?
Ctrl+/ 注释当前?再按则取消注?br />Ctrl+O 快速显C OutLine
Ctrl+T 快速显C当前类的承结?br />Ctrl+W 关闭当前Editer
Ctrl+K 参照选中的Word快速定位到下一?br />Ctrl+E 快速显C当前Editer的下拉列?如果当前面没有昄的用黑体表示)
Ctrl+/(键? 折叠当前cM的所有代?br />Ctrl+×(键? 展开当前cM的所有代?br />Ctrl+Space 代码助手完成一些代码的插入(但一般和输入法有冲突,可以修改输入法的热键,也可以暂用Alt+/来代?
Ctrl+Shift+E 昄理当前打开的所有的View的管理器(可以选择关闭,Ȁzȝ操作)
Ctrl+J 正向增量查找(按下Ctrl+J?你所输入的每个字母编辑器都提供快速匹配定位到某个单词,如果没有,则在stutes line中显C没有找C(jin),查一个单词时,特别实用,q个功能Idea两年前就有了(jin))
Ctrl+Shift+J 反向增量查找(和上条相?只不q是从后往前查)
Ctrl+Shift+F4 关闭所有打开的Editer
Ctrl+Shift+X 把当前选中的文本全部变呛_?br />Ctrl+Shift+Y 把当前选中的文本全部变为小?br />Ctrl+Shift+F 格式化当前代?br />Ctrl+Shift+P 定位到对于的匚wW?譬如{}) (从前面定位后面时,光标要在匚wW里?后面到前?则反?
下面的快捷键是重构里面常用的,本hp己喜Ƣ且常用的整理一??一般重构的快捷键都是Alt+Shift开头的?
Alt+Shift+R 重命名?是我自己最q的一个了(jin),其是变量和cȝRename,比手工方法能节省很多力_?
Alt+Shift+M 抽取Ҏ(gu) (q是重构里面最常用的方法之一?其是对一大堆泥团代码有用)
Alt+Shift+C 修改函数l构(比较实用,有N个函数调用了(jin)q个Ҏ(gu),修改一ơ搞?
Alt+Shift+L 抽取本地变量( 可以直接把一些魔法数字和字符串抽取成一个变?其是多处调用的时?
Alt+Shift+F 把Class中的local变量变ؓ(f)field变量 (比较实用的功?
Alt+Shift+I 合ƈ变量(可能q样说有点不妥Inline)
Alt+Shift+V Ud函数和变?不怎么常用)
Alt+Shift+Z 重构的后(zhn)药(Undo)
~辑
作用域 功q快捷键
全局 查找q替换 Ctrl+F
文本~辑器 查找上一个 Ctrl+Shift+K
文本~辑器 查找下一个 Ctrl+K
全局 撤销 Ctrl+Z
全局 复制 Ctrl+C
全局 恢复上一个选择 Alt+Shift+↓?br />全局 剪切 Ctrl+X
全局 快速修正 Ctrl1+1
全局 内容辅助 Alt+/
全局 全部选中 Ctrl+A
全局 删除 Delete
全局 上下文信息 Alt+Q?br />Alt+Shift+?
Ctrl+Shift+Space
Java~辑器 显C工hC描qWF2
Java~辑器 选择装元素 Alt+Shift+↑?br />Java~辑器 选择上一个元素 Alt+Shift+←?br />Java~辑器 选择下一个元素 Alt+Shift+→?br />文本~辑器 增量查找 Ctrl+J
文本~辑器 增量逆向查找 Ctrl+Shift+J
全局 _脓(chung) Ctrl+V
全局 重做 Ctrl+Y
查看
作用域 功q快捷键
全局 攑֤ Ctrl+=
全局 ~小 Ctrl+-
H口
作用域 功q快捷键
全局 Ȁzȝ辑器 F12
全局 切换~辑器 Ctrl+Shift+W
全局 上一个编辑器 Ctrl+Shift+F6
全局 上一个视图 Ctrl+Shift+F7
全局 上一个透视图 Ctrl+Shift+F8
全局 下一个编辑器 Ctrl+F6
全局 下一个视图 Ctrl+F7
全局 下一个透视图 Ctrl+F8
文本~辑器 显C标Z下文菜单 Ctrl+W
全局 昄视图菜单 Ctrl+F10
全局 昄pȝ菜单 Alt+-
D
作用域 功q快捷键
Java~辑器 打开l构 Ctrl+F3
全局 打开cd Ctrl+Shift+T
全局 打开cd层次l构 F4
全局 打开声明 F3
全局 打开外部javadoc Shift+F2
全局 打开资源 Ctrl+Shift+R
全局 后退历史记录 Alt+←?br />全局 前进历史记录 Alt+→?br />全局 上一个 Ctrl+,
全局 下一个 Ctrl+.
Java~辑器 显C大U Ctrl+O
全局 在层ơ结构中打开cd Ctrl+Shift+H
全局 转至匚w的括号 Ctrl+Shift+P
全局 转至上一个编辑位| Ctrl+Q
Java~辑器 {至上一个成员 Ctrl+Shift+↑?br />Java~辑器 {至下一个成员 Ctrl+Shift+↓?br />文本~辑器 {臌 Ctrl+L
搜烦(ch)
作用域 功q快捷键
全局 出现在文件中 Ctrl+Shift+U
全局 打开搜烦(ch)对话框 Ctrl+H
全局 工作Z的声明 Ctrl+G
全局 工作Z的引用 Ctrl+Shift+G
文本~辑
作用域 功q快捷键
文本~辑器 改写切换 Insert
文本~辑器 上滚行 Ctrl+↑?br />文本~辑器 下滚行 Ctrl+↓?br />
文g
作用域 功q快捷键
全局 保存 Ctrl+X
Ctrl+S
全局 打印 Ctrl+P
全局 关闭 Ctrl+F4
全局 全部保存 Ctrl+Shift+S
全局 全部关闭 Ctrl+Shift+F4
全局 属性 Alt+Enter
全局 新徏 Ctrl+N
目
作用域 功q快捷键
全局 全部构徏 Ctrl+B
源代?br />作用域 功q快捷键
Java~辑器 格式化 Ctrl+Shift+F
Java~辑器 取消注释 Ctrl+\
Java~辑器 注释 Ctrl+/
Java~辑器 添加导入 Ctrl+Shift+M
Java~辑器 组l导入 Ctrl+Shift+O
Java~辑器 用try/catch块来包围 未设|，太常用了(jin)Q所以在q里列出,自己讄?br />也可以用Ctrl+1自动修正。?br />
q行
作用域 功q快捷键
全局 单步q回 F7
全局 单步跌 F6
全局 单步跛_ F5
全局 单步跛_选择 Ctrl+F5
全局 调试上次启动 F11
全局 l箋 F8
全局 使用qo(h)器单步执行 Shift+F5
全局 d/去除断点 Ctrl+Shift+B
全局 昄 Ctrl+D
全局 q行上次启动 Ctrl+F11
全局 q行臌 Ctrl+R
全局 执行 Ctrl+U
重构
作用域 功q快捷键
全局 撤销重构 Alt+Shift+Z
全局 抽取Ҏ(gu) Alt+Shift+M
全局 抽取局部变量 Alt+Shift+L
全局 内联 Alt+Shift+I
全局 Ud Alt+Shift+V
全局 重命名 Alt+Shift+R
全局 重做 Alt+Shift+Y
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