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			《Effective Java》Chapter 2
		
          
		Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects

          Item 1: Consider providing static factory methods instread of constructs
          eg. A static factory method from the class Boolean, which translates a boolean primitive value into a Booleam object reference:
          

          public static Boolean valueOf(boolean b) {
                        return (b ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FLASE);
          }
          Advantages:
          a) unlike constructors, they have names.
          b) unlike constructors, they are not required to create a new object each time they're invoked.
          c) unlike constructors, they can return an object of any subtype of their return type.           (Atten plz: in JDK 5.0, there is Covariant Return Types)
          Disadvantages:
          a) classes without public or protected constructors cannot be subclassed.
          b) they are not readily distinguishable from other static methods.
             two names for static factory methods are becoming common:
                valueOf --- Return an instance that has, loosely speaking, the same value as its parameters.
                getInstance --- Return an instance that is described by its parameters but cannot be said to have the same value.

          Item 2: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor
          One approach, the public static member is a final field:
          

          // Singleton with final field
          public class Elvis {
                        public static final Elvis INSTANCE = new Elvis();
              
                        private Elvis() {
                  
              }
              
                         // Remainder omitted
          }
          A second approach, a public static factory method is provided instead of the public static final field:
          

          // Singleton with static factory
          public class Elvis {
                        private static final Elvis INSTANCE = new Elvis();
              
                        private Elvis() {
                  
              }
              
                        public static Elvis getInstance() {
                            return INSTANCE;
              }
              
                         // Remainder omitted
          }

          Item 3: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor
          Attemping to enforce noninstantiablity by making a class abstract does not work.
          A class can be made noninstantiable by including a single explicit private constructor:
          

          // Noninstantiable utility class
          public class UtilityClass {
              
                        // Suppress default constructor for noninstantiability
              private UtilityClass() {
                            // This constructor will never be invoked
              }
              
                         // Remainder omitted
          }

          Item 4: Avoid creating duplicate objects
          An object can always be reused if it is immutable.
          As an extreme example of what not to do:  

          String s = new String("silly"); // DON'T DO THIS!
          The improving version is simply the following:  

          String s = "No longer silly"
          You can often avoid creating duplicate objects by using static factory methods (Item 1) in preference to constructors on immutable classes that provide both.
          

          public class Person {
                        private final Date birthDate;

                        // Other fields omitted
              public Person(Date birthDate) {
                            this.birthDate = birthDate;
              }

                        // DON'T DO THIS!
              public boolean isBabyBoomer() {
                  Calendar gmtCal           = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
                  gmtCal.set(          1946, Calendar.JANUARY, 1, 0, 0, 0);
                  Date boomStart           = gmtCal.getTime();
                  gmtCal.set(          1965, Calendar.JANUARY, 1, 0, 0, 0);
                  Date boomEnd           = gmtCal.getTime();
                            return birthDate.compareTo(boomStart) >= 0
                                    && birthDate.compareTo(boomEnd) < 0;
              }
          }
          The isBabyBoomer method unnecessarily creates a new Calendar, TimeZone, and two Date instances each time it is invoked. The version that follows avoids this inefficiency with a static initializer:
          

          class Person {
                        private final Date birthDate;

                        public Person(Date birthDate) {
                            this.birthDate = birthDate;
              }

                        /**
               * The starting and ending dates of the baby boom.
                         */
                        private static final Date BOOM_START;

                        private static final Date BOOM_END;
                        static {
                  Calendar gmtCal           = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
                  gmtCal.set(          1946, Calendar.JANUARY, 1, 0, 0, 0);
                  BOOM_START           = gmtCal.getTime();
                  gmtCal.set(          1965, Calendar.JANUARY, 1, 0, 0, 0);
                  BOOM_END           = gmtCal.getTime();
              }

                        public boolean isBabyBoomer() {
                            return birthDate.compareTo(BOOM_START) >= 0
                                    && birthDate.compareTo(BOOM_END) < 0;
              }
          }

          Item 5: Eliminate obsolete object reference
          

          // Can you spot the "memory leak"?
          public class Stack {
                        private Object[] elements;

                        private int size = 0;

                        public Stack(int initialCapacity) {
                            this.elements = new Object[initialCapacity];
              }

                        public void push(Object e) {
                  ensureCapacity();
                  elements[size          ++] = e;
              }

                        public Object pop() {
                            if (size == 0)
                                throw new EmptyStackException();
                            return elements[--size];
              }

                        /**
               * Ensure space for at least one more element, roughly doubling the capacity
               * each time the array needs to grow.
                         */
                        private void ensureCapacity() {
                            if (elements.length == size) {
                      Object[] oldElements           = elements;
                      elements           = new Object[2 * elements.length + 1];
                      System.arraycopy(oldElements,           0, elements, 0, size);
                  }
              }
          }
          If a stack grows and then shrinks, the objects that were popped off the stack will not be garbage collected, even if the program using the stack has no more references to them. This is because the stack maintains obsolete references to these objects.
          

          public Object pop() {
                        if (size==0)
                            throw new EmptyStackException();
              Object result           = elements[--size];
              elements[size]           = null; // Eliminate obsolete reference
              return result;
          }

          Item 6: Avoid finalizers
          Nothing time-critical should ever be done by a finalizer.
          You should never depend on a finalizer to update critical persistent state.
          Explicit termination methods are often used in combination with the try-finally construct to ensure prompt termination.
          

          Foo foo = new Foo();
          try {
                        // Do what must be done with foo
              
          }           finally {
              foo.terminate();           // Explicit termination method
          }
          It is important to note that “finalizer chaining” is not performed automatically. If a class (other than Object) has a finalizer and a subclass overrides it, the subclass finalizer must invoke the superclass finalizer manually.
          

          // Manual finalizer chaining
          protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
                        try {
                            // Finalize subclass state
                  
              }           finally {
                            super.finalize();
              }
          }
          Instead of putting the finalizer on the class requiring finalization, put the finalizer on an anonymous class (Item 18) whose sole purpose is to finalize its enclosing instance. A single instance of the anonymous class, called a finalizer guardian, is created for each instance of the enclosing class.
          

          // Finalizer Guardian idiom
          public class Foo {
                        // Sole purpose of this object is to finalize outer Foo object
              private final Object finalizerGuardian = new Object() {
                            protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
                                // Finalize outer Foo object
                      
                  }
              }          ;
                         // Remainder omitted
          }
          
		
          
			posted on 2005-12-18 00:22 Scott@JAVA 閱讀(413) 評論(0)  編輯  收藏  所屬分類: Effective Java 
		
          
	
          
	
	





          
	    
    




          








          

				

          



    







          
        
	




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