RSA
這種算法1978年就出現(xiàn)了，它是第一個既能用于數(shù)據(jù)加密也能用于數(shù)字簽名的算法。它易于理解和操作，也很流行。算法的名字以發(fā)明者的名字命名：Ron Rivest, AdiShamir 和Leonard Adleman。
這種加密算法的特點主要是密鑰的變化，上文我們看到DES只有一個密鑰。相當于只有一把鑰匙，如果這把鑰匙丟了，數(shù)據(jù)也就不安全了。RSA同時有兩把鑰匙，公鑰與私鑰。同時支持數(shù)字簽名。數(shù)字簽名的意義在于，對傳輸過來的數(shù)據(jù)進行校驗。確保數(shù)據(jù)在傳輸工程中不被修改。
流程分析：
- 甲方構(gòu)建密鑰對兒，將公鑰公布給乙方，將私鑰保留。
- 甲方使用私鑰加密數(shù)據(jù)，然后用私鑰對加密后的數(shù)據(jù)簽名，發(fā)送給乙方簽名以及加密后的數(shù)據(jù)；乙方使用公鑰、簽名來驗證待解密數(shù)據(jù)是否有效，如果有效使用公鑰對數(shù)據(jù)解密。
- 乙方使用公鑰加密數(shù)據(jù)，向甲方發(fā)送經(jīng)過加密后的數(shù)據(jù)；甲方獲得加密數(shù)據(jù)，通過私鑰解密。
按如上步驟給出序列圖，如下：
通過java代碼實現(xiàn)如下：
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
/** *//**
* RSA安全編碼組件
*
* @author 梁棟 http://www.bt285.cn http://www.5a520.cn
* @version 1.0
* @since 1.0
*/
public abstract class RSACoder extends Coder 
{
public static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA";
public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA";
private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey";
private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey";
/** *//**
* 用私鑰對信息生成數(shù)字簽名
*
* @param data
* 加密數(shù)據(jù)
* @param privateKey
* 私鑰
*
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception {
// 解密由base64編碼的私鑰
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey);
// 構(gòu)造PKCS8EncodedKeySpec對象
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
// KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
// 取私鑰匙對象
PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 用私鑰對信息生成數(shù)字簽名
Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
signature.initSign(priKey);
signature.update(data);
return encryptBASE64(signature.sign());
}
/** *//**
* 校驗數(shù)字簽名
*
* @param data
* 加密數(shù)據(jù)
* @param publicKey
* 公鑰
* @param sign
* 數(shù)字簽名
*
* @return 校驗成功返回true 失敗返回false
* @throws Exception
*
*/
public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign)
throws Exception {
// 解密由base64編碼的公鑰
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey);
// 構(gòu)造X509EncodedKeySpec對象
X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
// KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
// 取公鑰匙對象
PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);
Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
signature.initVerify(pubKey);
signature.update(data);
// 驗證簽名是否正常
return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign));
}
/** *//**
* 解密<br>
* 用私鑰解密 http://www.5a520.cn http://www.feng123.com
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 對密鑰解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得私鑰
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 對數(shù)據(jù)解密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 解密<br>
* 用私鑰解密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 對密鑰解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得公鑰
X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
// 對數(shù)據(jù)解密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 加密<br>
* 用公鑰加密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 對公鑰解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得公鑰
X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
// 對數(shù)據(jù)加密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 加密<br>
* 用私鑰加密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 對密鑰解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得私鑰
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 對數(shù)據(jù)加密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 取得私鑰
*
* @param keyMap
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
throws Exception {
Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY);
return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
}
/** *//**
* 取得公鑰
*
* @param keyMap
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
throws Exception {
Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY);
return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
}
/** *//**
* 初始化密鑰
*
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {
KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator
.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
keyPairGen.initialize(1024);
KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
// 公鑰
RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
// 私鑰
RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);
keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);
return keyMap;
}
}
再給出一個測試類：
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Map;
/** *//**
*
* @author 梁棟 http://www.bt285.cn http://www.guihua.org
* @version 1.0
* @since 1.0
*/
public class RSACoderTest {
private String publicKey;
private String privateKey;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSACoder.initKey();
publicKey = RSACoder.getPublicKey(keyMap);
privateKey = RSACoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap);
System.err.println("公鑰: \n\r" + publicKey);
System.err.println("私鑰： \n\r" + privateKey);
}
@Test
public void test() throws Exception {
System.err.println("公鑰加密——私鑰解密");
String inputStr = "abc";
byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();
byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, publicKey);
byte[] decodedData = RSACoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encodedData,
privateKey);
String outputStr = new String(decodedData);
System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);
assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
}
@Test
public void testSign() throws Exception {
System.err.println("私鑰加密——公鑰解密");
String inputStr = "sign";
byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();
byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, privateKey);
byte[] decodedData = RSACoder
.decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, publicKey);
String outputStr = new String(decodedData);
System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);
assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
System.err.println("私鑰簽名——公鑰驗證簽名");
// 產(chǎn)生簽名
String sign = RSACoder.sign(encodedData, privateKey);
System.err.println("簽名:\r" + sign);
// 驗證簽名
boolean status = RSACoder.verify(encodedData, publicKey, sign);
System.err.println("狀態(tài):\r" + status);
assertTrue(status);
}
}
Console代碼:
- 公鑰:
-
- MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCYU/+I0+z1aBl5X6DUUOHQ7FZpmBSDbKTtx89J
- EcB64jFCkunELT8qiKly7fzEqD03g8ALlu5XvX+bBqHFy7YPJJP0ekE2X3wjUnh2NxlqpH3/B/xm
- 1ZdSlCwDIkbijhBVDjA/bu5BObhZqQmDwIxlQInL9oVz+o6FbAZCyHBd7wIDAQAB
-
- 私鑰：
-
- MIICdgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAmAwggJcAgEAAoGBAJhT/4jT7PVoGXlfoNRQ4dDsVmmY
- FINspO3Hz0kRwHriMUKS6cQtPyqIqXLt/MSoPTeDwAuW7le9f5sGocXLtg8kk/R6QTZffCNSeHY3
- GWqkff8H/GbVl1KULAMiRuKOEFUOMD9u7kE5uFmpCYPAjGVAicv2hXP6joVsBkLIcF3vAgMBAAEC
- gYBvZHWoZHmS2EZQqKqeuGr58eobG9hcZzWQoJ4nq/CarBAjw/VovUHE490uK3S9ht4FW7Yzg3LV
- /MB06Huifh6qf/X9NQA7SeZRRC8gnCQk6JuDIEVJOud5jU+9tyumJakDKodQ3Jf2zQtNr+5ZdEPl
- uwWgv9c4kmpjhAdyMuQmYQJBANn6pcgvyYaia52dnu+yBUsGkaFfwXkzFSExIbi0MXTkhEb/ER/D
- rLytukkUu5S5ecz/KBa8U4xIslZDYQbLz5ECQQCy5dutt7RsxN4+dxCWn0/1FrkWl2G329Ucewm3
- QU9CKu4D+7Kqdj+Ha3lXP8F0Etaaapi7+EfkRUpukn2ItZV/AkEAlk+I0iphxT1rCB0Q5CjWDY5S
- Df2B5JmdEG5Y2o0nLXwG2w44OLct/k2uD4cEcuITY5Dvi/4BftMCZwm/dnhEgQJACIktJSnJwxLV
- o9dchENPtlsCM9C/Sd2EWpqISSUlmfugZbJBwR5pQ5XeMUqKeXZYpP+HEBj1nS+tMH9u2/IGEwJA
- fL8mZiZXan/oBKrblAbplNcKWGRVD/3y65042PAEeghahlJMiYquV5DzZajuuT0wbJ5xQuZB01+X
- nfpFpBJ2dw==
-
- 公鑰加密——私鑰解密
- 加密前: abc
-
- 解密后: abc
- 公鑰:
-
- MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDdOj40yEB48XqWxmPILmJAc7UecIN7F32etSHF
- 9rwbuEh3+iTPOGSxhoSQpOED0vOb0ZIMkBXZSgsxLaBSin2RZ09YKWRjtpCA0kDkiD11gj4tzTiM
- l9qq1kwSK7ZkGAgodEn3yIILVmQDuEImHOXFtulvJ71ka07u3LuwUNdB/wIDAQAB
-
- 私鑰：
-
- MIICdwIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAmEwggJdAgEAAoGBAN06PjTIQHjxepbGY8guYkBztR5w
- g3sXfZ61IcX2vBu4SHf6JM84ZLGGhJCk4QPS85vRkgyQFdlKCzEtoFKKfZFnT1gpZGO2kIDSQOSI
- PXWCPi3NOIyX2qrWTBIrtmQYCCh0SffIggtWZAO4QiYc5cW26W8nvWRrTu7cu7BQ10H/AgMBAAEC
- gYEAz2JWBizjI31bqhP4XiP9PuY5F3vqBW4T+L9cFbQiyumKJc58yzTWUAUGKIIn3enXLG7dNqGr
- mbJro4JeFIJ3CiVDpXR9+FluIgI4SXm7ioGKF2NOMA9LR5Fu82W+pLfpTN2y2SaLYWEDZyp53BxY
- j9gUxaxi1MQs+C1ZgDF2xmECQQDy70bQntbRfysP+ppCtd56YRnES1Tyekw0wryS2tr+ivQJl7JF
- gp5rPAOXpgrq36xHDwUspQ0sJ0vj0O7ywxr1AkEA6SAaLhrJJrYucC0jxwAhUYyaPN+aOsWymaRh
- 9jA/Wc0wp29SbGTh5CcMuGpXm1g0M+FKW3dGiHgS3rVUKim4owJAbnxgapUzAgiiHxxMeDaavnHW
- 9C2GrtjsO7qtZOTgYI/1uT8itvZW8lJTF+9OW8/qXE76fXl7ai9dFnl5kzMk2QJBALfHz/vCsArt
- mkRiwY6zApE4Z6tPl1V33ymSVovvUzHnOdD1SKQdD5t+UV/crb3QVi8ED0t2B0u0ZSPfDT/D7kMC
- QDpwdj9k2F5aokLHBHUNJPFDAp7a5QMaT64gv/d48ITJ68Co+v5WzLMpzJBYXK6PAtqIhxbuPEc2
- I2k1Afmrwyw=
-
- 私鑰加密——公鑰解密
- 加密前: sign
-
- 解密后: sign
- 私鑰簽名——公鑰驗證簽名
- 簽名:
- ud1RsIwmSC1pN22I4IXteg1VD2FbiehKUfNxgVSHzvQNIK+d20FCkHCqh9djP3h94iWnIUY0ifU+
- mbJkhAl/i5krExOE0hknOnPMcEP+lZV1RbJI2zG2YooSp2XDleqrQk5e/QF2Mx0Zxt8Xsg7ucVpn
- i3wwbYWs9wSzIf0UjlM=
-
- 狀態(tài):
- true
簡要總結(jié)一下，使用公鑰加密、私鑰解密，完成了乙方到甲方的一次數(shù)據(jù)傳遞，通過私鑰加密、公鑰解密，同時通過私鑰簽名、公鑰驗證簽名，完成了一次甲方到乙方的數(shù)據(jù)傳遞與驗證，兩次數(shù)據(jù)傳遞完成一整套的數(shù)據(jù)交互！
類似數(shù)字簽名，數(shù)字信封是這樣描述的：
數(shù)字信封
數(shù)字信封用加密技術(shù)來保證只有特定的收信人才能閱讀信的內(nèi)容。
流程：
信息發(fā)送方采用對稱密鑰來加密信息，然后再用接收方的公鑰來加密此對稱密鑰（這部分稱為數(shù)字信封），再將它和信息一起發(fā)送給接收方；接收方先用相應(yīng)的私鑰打開數(shù)字信封，得到對稱密鑰，然后使用對稱密鑰再解開信息。