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          數(shù)據(jù)加載中……

          oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫的還原和備份

          理解什么是數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)
          ??
          當(dāng)我們使用一個數(shù)據(jù)庫時,總希望數(shù)據(jù)庫的內(nèi)容是可靠的、正確的,但由于計算機系統(tǒng)的故障(硬件故障、軟件故障、網(wǎng)絡(luò)故障、進(jìn)程故障和系統(tǒng)故障)影響數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的操作,影響數(shù)據(jù)庫中數(shù)據(jù)的正確性,甚至破壞數(shù)據(jù)庫,使數(shù)據(jù)庫中全部或部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)丟失。因此當(dāng)發(fā)生上述故障后,希望能重構(gòu)這個完整的數(shù)據(jù)庫,該處理稱為數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)。恢復(fù)過程大致可以分為復(fù)原 (Restore) 與恢復(fù) (Recover) 過程。

          ?

          數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)可以分為以下兩類:

          ?

          1.1 實例故障的一致性恢復(fù)

          ?

          當(dāng)實例意外地(如掉電、后臺進(jìn)程故障等)或預(yù)料地(發(fā)出 SHUTDOUM ABORT 語句)中止時出現(xiàn)實例故障,此時需要實例恢復(fù)。實例恢復(fù)將數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)到故障之前的事務(wù)一致狀態(tài)。如果在在線后備發(fā)現(xiàn)實例故障,則需介質(zhì)恢復(fù)。在其它情況 Oracle 在下次數(shù)據(jù)庫起動時(對新實例裝配和打開),自動地執(zhí)行實例恢復(fù)。如果需要,從裝配狀態(tài)變?yōu)榇蜷_狀態(tài),自動地激發(fā)實例恢復(fù),由下列處理:

          ?

           1 為了解恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)文件中沒有記錄的數(shù)據(jù),進(jìn)行向前滾。該數(shù)據(jù)記錄在在線日志,

          包括對回滾段的內(nèi)容恢復(fù)。

           2 回滾未提交的事務(wù),按步 1 重新生成回滾段所指定的操作。

           3 釋放在故障時正在處理事務(wù)所持有的資源。

           4 解決在故障時正經(jīng)歷一階段提交的任何懸而未決的分布事務(wù)。


          1.2
          介質(zhì)故障或文件錯誤的不一致恢復(fù)

          ?

          介質(zhì)故障是當(dāng)一個文件、一個文件的部分或磁盤不能讀或不能寫時出現(xiàn)的故障。文件錯誤一般指意外的錯誤導(dǎo)致文件被刪除或意外事故導(dǎo)致文件的不一致。這種狀態(tài)下的數(shù)據(jù)庫都是不一致的,需要 DBA 手工來進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復(fù),這種恢復(fù)有兩種形式,決定于數(shù)據(jù)庫運行的歸檔方式和備份方式。

          ?

          1 完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)可恢復(fù)全部丟失的修改。一般情況下需要有數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份且數(shù)據(jù)庫運行在歸檔狀態(tài)下并且有可用歸檔日志時才可能。對于不同類型的錯誤,有不同類型的完全恢復(fù)可使用,其決定于毀壞文件和數(shù)據(jù)庫的可用性。

          ?

          2 不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)是在完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)不可能或不要求時進(jìn)行的介質(zhì)恢復(fù)。重構(gòu)受損的數(shù)據(jù)庫,使其恢復(fù)介質(zhì)故障前或用戶出錯之前的一個事務(wù)一致性狀態(tài)。不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)有不同類型的使用,決定于需要不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)的情況,有下列類型:基于撤消、基于時間和基于修改的不完全恢復(fù)。

          ?

           基于撤消 (CANCEL) 恢復(fù):在某種情況,不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)必須被控制, DBA 可撤消在指定點的操作。基于撤消的恢復(fù)地在一個或多個日志組(在線的或歸檔的)已被介質(zhì)故障所破壞,不能用于恢復(fù)過程時使用,所以介質(zhì)恢復(fù)必須控制,以致在使用最近的、未損的日志組于數(shù)據(jù)文件后中止恢復(fù)操作。

          ?

           基于時間 (TIME) 和基于修改 (SCN) 的恢復(fù):如果 DBA 希望恢復(fù)到過去的某個指定點,是一種理想的不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù),一般發(fā)生在恢復(fù)到某個特定操作之前,恢復(fù)到如意外刪除某個數(shù)據(jù)表之前。

          ?

          第二章 . 數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)案例測試環(huán)境


          2.1
          數(shù)據(jù)庫環(huán)境

          以下的所有案例都是通過測試經(jīng)過,環(huán)境為:

          ? OS Windows 2000 Server

          ? DB Oracle 816

          ? DBNAME TEST

          ?

          數(shù)據(jù)文件:

          SQL> select file#,status,enabled,name from v$datafile;

          ?

          ??? FILE# STATUS? ENABLED????? NAME

          ----------------------------------------------------------------

          ???????? 1 SYSTEM? READ WRITE D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF

          ???????? 2 ONLINE? READ WRITE D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF

          ???????? 3 ONLINE? READ WRITE D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF

          ???????? 4 ONLINE? READ WRITE D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TEMP01.DBF

          ???????? 5 ONLINE? READ WRITE D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF

          ???????? 6 ONLINE? READ WRITE D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF

          ?

          控制文件:

          SQL> select * from v$controlfile;

          ?

          STATUS? NAME

          ---------------------------------------------------------------------

          ??????? D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL01.CTL

          ??????? D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL02.CTL

          ??????? D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL03.CTL


          聯(lián)機日志:

          SQL> select * from v$logfile;

          ?

          ??? GROUP# STATUS????? MEMBER

          ---------------------------------------------------------------------

          ????? 1???? STALE????? D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\REDO01.LOG

          ????? 2?????????????? D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\REDO02.LOG

          ????? 3???? STALE????? D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\REDO03.LOG

          ?

          2.2 數(shù)據(jù)庫備份腳本

          冷備份腳本 :

          rem???? script:coldbak.sql

          rem???? creater:chenjiping

          rem???? date:5.8.2003

          rem???? desc:offline full backup database

          ?

          --connect database

          connect internal/password;

          --shutdown database

          shutdown immediate;

          --Copy Data file

          !xcopy d:\Oracle\oradata\test\*.dbf d:\database/H/R;

          --Copy Control file

          !xcopy d:\Oracle\oradata\test\*.ctl d:\database/H/R;

          --Copy Log file

          !xcopy d:\Oracle\oradata\test\*.log d:\database/H/R;

          --startup database

          startup;

          ?

          說明:

          1 、以上腳本在數(shù)據(jù)庫關(guān)閉狀態(tài)下備份數(shù)據(jù)庫所有的數(shù)據(jù)文件,聯(lián)機日志,控制文件(在一個目

          錄下),如果成功備份,所有文件是一致的 ;

          2 、沒有備份參數(shù)文件,參數(shù)文件可以另外備份,沒有必要每次都備份,只需要在改變設(shè)置后備份一次 ;

          3 、如果以上命令沒有成功依次執(zhí)行,那么備份將是無效的,如連接數(shù)據(jù)庫不成功,那么肯定關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫也不成功,那么備份則無效 ;

          4 、冷備份建議下人工干預(yù)下執(zhí)行。

          ?

          數(shù)據(jù)庫 OS 熱全備份腳本

          rem???? script:hotbak.sql

          rem???? creater:chenjiping

          rem???? date:5.8.2003

          rem???? desc:backup all database datafile in archive

          ?

          --connect database

          connect internal/password;

          ?

          --archive

          alter system archive log current;

          --start

          ?

          alter tablespace system begin backup;

          !xcopy d:\Oracle\oradata\test\system01.dbf d:\databak/H/R;

          alter tablespace system end backup;

          ?

          alter tablespace rbs begin backup;

          !xcopy d:\Oracle\oradata\test\rbs01.dbf d:\databak/H/R;

          alter tablespace rbs end backup;

          ?

          alter tablespace users begin backup;

          !xcopy d:\Oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbf d:\databak/H/R;

          alter tablespace users end backup;

          ?

          alter tablespace tools begin backup;

          !xcopy d:\Oracle\oradata\test\tools01.dbf d:\databak/H/R;

          alter tablespace tools end backup;

          ?

          alter tablespace indx begin backup;

          !xcopy d:\Oracle\oradata\test\indx01.dbf d:\databak/H/R;

          alter tablespace indx end backup;

          --end

          ?

          --bak control file

          --binary

          alter database backup controlfile to 'd:\databak\controlbinbak.000';

          --ascii

          alter database backup controlfile to trace;

          ?

          alter system archive log current;

          ?

          說明:

          1 、熱備份必須在數(shù)據(jù)庫歸檔方式下才可以運行;

          2 、以上腳本可以在數(shù)據(jù)庫運行狀態(tài)下備份數(shù)據(jù)庫所有的數(shù)據(jù)文件(除了臨時數(shù)據(jù)文件),沒有必要備份聯(lián)機日志;

          3 、歸檔日志至少需要一次完整備份之后的所有日志;

          4 、如果以上命令沒有成功依次執(zhí)行,那么備份也是無效的,如連接數(shù)據(jù)庫不成功,那么備份則無效。

          ?

          RMAN 備份只講敘有恢復(fù)目錄的情況,如果沒有恢復(fù)目錄,情形大致相似。以下是 RMAN 的熱備份全備份的腳本:

          #?? script:bakup.rcv

          #?? creater:chenjiping

          #?? date:5.8.2003

          #?? desc:backup all database datafile in archive with rman

          ?

          # connect database

          connect rcvcat rman/rman@back ;

          connect target internal/virpure;

          ?

          # start backup database

          run{

          allocate channel c1 type disk;

          backup full tag 'dbfull' format 'd:\backup\full%u_%s_%p' database

          include current controlfile;

          sql 'alter system archive log current';

          release channel c1;

          }

          # end

          ?

          說明:

          1 數(shù)據(jù)庫必須運行在歸檔模式下 ;

          2 RMAN 將自動備份數(shù)據(jù)文件,運行可靠 ;

          3 歸檔日志另外備份處理,但至少需要保存一次備份來的日志 ;

          4 沒有必要用 RMAN 做冷備份,效果不好。

          ?

          以上舉例說明了數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復(fù)案例的測試環(huán)境與部分備份測試腳本,其它的備份腳本可以根據(jù)以上腳本演變而來或在案例中加以說明。

          數(shù)據(jù)庫的自動實例將不加以說明,這里只舉例說明媒體錯誤或人為錯誤造成的恢復(fù)可能。

          以上包括以下案例都是在 WINDOWS+Oracle816 上測試驗證的,在不同的操作系統(tǒng)與不同的數(shù)據(jù)庫版本中略有差別。

          ?

          第三章 . 了解與恢復(fù)相關(guān)的信息

          ?

          1 理解報警日志文件

          報警日志文件一般記載了數(shù)據(jù)庫的啟動 / 關(guān)閉信息,歸檔信息,備份信息,恢復(fù)信息,常見錯誤信息,部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫修改記錄等。一般令名規(guī)則為 <SID>Alrt.log Alrt<SID>.log ,如我的測試數(shù)據(jù)庫的報警日志文件的名稱為 testalrt.log

          ?

          報警日志文件的路徑是根據(jù)初始化參數(shù) background_dump_dest 來決定的,如在我的機器上,該參數(shù)值為 D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump ,那么,你就可以在該路徑下找到該文件。

          ?

          2 后臺進(jìn)程跟蹤文件

          后臺 進(jìn)程跟蹤文件的路徑與報警日志文件的路徑一致,在某些情況下,你可以通過后臺跟蹤文件的信息了解更多的需要恢復(fù)的信息。如在數(shù)據(jù)庫需要恢復(fù)的時候,報警日志文件中常有這樣的語句:

          ?

          Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file

          通過提示的 DBWR 跟蹤文件,可以查詢到更詳細(xì)的信息。


          3
          v$recover_file v$recovery_log

          這是兩個動態(tài)性能視圖,可以在 mount 下查看,通過這兩個視圖,你可以了解詳細(xì)的需要恢復(fù)的數(shù)據(jù)文件與需要使用到的歸檔日志。

          ?

          第四章 . 數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)案例


          4.1
          非歸檔模式下的備份與恢復(fù)

          ?

          備份方案:采用 OS 冷備份

          ?

          1.? 連接數(shù)據(jù)庫并創(chuàng)建測試表

          SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;

          Connected.

          SQL> create table test(a int);

          Table created

          SQL> insert into test values(1);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          ?

          2.? 備份數(shù)據(jù)庫

          SQL> @coldbak.sql 或在 DOS svrmgrl @coldbak.sql

          ?

          3.? 再插入記錄

          SQL> insert into test values(2);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          -------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ???????????????????????? 2

          4.? 關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫

          SQL> shutdown immediate;

          Database closed.

          Database dismounted.

          Oracle instance shut down.

          ?

          5.? 毀壞一個或多個數(shù)據(jù)文件,如刪除 user01.dbf

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF

          模擬媒體毀壞。

          ?

          6.? 重新啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫,會發(fā)現(xiàn)如下錯誤

          SQL> startup

          Oracle instance started.

          ?

          Total System Global Area? 102020364 bytes

          Fixed Size??????????????????? 70924 bytes

          Variable Size????????????? 85487616 bytes

          Database Buffers?????????? 16384000 bytes

          Redo Buffers????????????????? 77824 bytes

          Database mounted.

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'

          ?

          在報警文件中,會有更詳細(xì)的信息

          Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'

          ORA-27041: unable to open file

          OSD-04002: unable to open file

          O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。

          ?

          7.? 拷貝備份復(fù)原到原來位置 (restore 過程 )

          C:\>xcopy d:\database\*.* d:\Oracle\oradata\test/H/R/S

          ?

          8.? 打開數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢查數(shù)據(jù)

          SQL> alter database open;

          Database altered.

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          ---------------------------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ?

          這里可以發(fā)現(xiàn),數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)成功,但在備份之后與崩潰之前的數(shù)據(jù)丟失了。

          ?

          說明:

          1 、非歸檔模式下的恢復(fù)方案可選性很小,一般情況下只能有一種恢復(fù)方式,就是數(shù)據(jù)庫的冷備
          份的完全恢復(fù),僅僅需要拷貝原來的備份就可以 (restore) ,不需要 recover

          2 、這種情況下的恢復(fù),可以完全恢復(fù)到備份的點上,但是可能是丟失數(shù)據(jù)的,在備份之后與崩潰之前的數(shù)據(jù)將全部丟失;

          3 、不管毀壞了多少數(shù)據(jù)文件或是聯(lián)機日志或是控制文件,都可以通過這個辦法恢復(fù),因為這個恢復(fù)過程是 Restore 所有的冷備份文件,而這個備份點上的所有文件是一致的,與最新的數(shù)據(jù)庫沒有關(guān)系,就好比把數(shù)據(jù)庫又放到了一個以前的 " " 上;

          4 、對于非歸檔模式下,最好的辦法就是采用 OS 的冷備份,建議不要用 RMAN 來作冷備份,效果不好,因為 RMAN 不備份聯(lián)機日志, restore 不能根本解決問題;

          5 、如果沒有備份聯(lián)機日志,如 RMAN 的備份,就需要利用不完全恢復(fù) (until cancel) 的方法來重新創(chuàng)建聯(lián)機日志文件。

          ?

          4.2 歸檔模式下丟失或損壞一個數(shù)據(jù)文件

          ?

          4.2.1 OS 備份方案

          在歸檔方式下?lián)p壞或丟失一個數(shù)據(jù)文件,如果存在相應(yīng)的備份與該備份以來的歸檔日志,恢復(fù)還是比較簡單的,可以作到盡量少的 Down 機時間,并能作到數(shù)據(jù)庫的完全恢復(fù)。

          ?

          1 連接數(shù)據(jù)庫,創(chuàng)建測試表并插入記錄

          SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;

          Connected.

          SQL> create table test(a int) tablespace users;

          Table created

          SQL> insert into test values(1);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          ?

          2 備份數(shù)據(jù)庫

          SQL> @hotbak.sql 或在 DOS svrmgrl @hotbak.sql

          ?

          3 繼續(xù)在測試表中插入記錄

          SQL> insert into test values(2);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          ??? --------------------------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ???????????????????????? 2

          SQL> alter system switch logfile;

          System altered.

          SQL> alter system switch logfile;

          System altered.

          ?

          4 關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫,模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件

          SQL> shutdown immediate;

          Database closed.

          Database dismounted.

          Oracle instance shut down

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF

          模擬媒體毀壞。

          ?

          5 啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫錯誤,脫機該數(shù)據(jù)文件:

          SQL> startup

          Oracle instance started.

          ?

          Total System Global Area? 102020364 bytes

          Fixed Size??????????????????? 70924 bytes

          Variable Size????????????? 85487616 bytes

          Database Buffers?????????? 16384000 bytes

          Redo Buffers????????????????? 77824 bytes

          Database mounted.

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'

          ?

          還可以查看報警文件(見上一個恢復(fù)案例)或動態(tài)視圖 v$recover_file

          SQL> select * from v$recover_file;

          ?

          ???? FILE# ONLINE? ERROR??????????????????? CHANGE#???? TIME

          ---------- ------- ------------------ ---------- -----------

          ???????? 3?? ONLINE??????????????????????? 1013500??? 2003-05-07

          ?

          脫機數(shù)據(jù)文件

          SQL> alter database datafile 3 offline drop;

          Database altered.

          ?

          6 打開數(shù)據(jù)庫,拷貝備份回來 (restore) ,恢復(fù) (recover) 該數(shù)據(jù)文件,并聯(lián)機 :

          ?

          SQL> alter database open;

          Database altered.


          拷貝備份從備份處

          copy d:\databak\ users01.dbf d:\Oracle\oradata\test;


          恢復(fù)該數(shù)據(jù)文件

          SQL> recover datafile 3;

          ?

          ORA-00279: change 1053698 generated at 05/07/2003 17:51:26 needed for

          thread 1

          ORA-00289: suggestion :
          D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARC

          ORA-00280: change 1053698 for thread 1 is in sequence #304

          ?

          Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}

          AUTO

          ORA-00279: change 1053701 generated at 05/07/2003 17:51:39 needed for

          thread 1

          ORA-00289: suggestion : D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00305.ARC

          ORA-00280: change 1053701 for thread 1 is in sequence #305

          ORA-00278: log file 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARC' no longer needed for this recovery Log applied.

          Media recovery complete.

          ?

          恢復(fù)成功,聯(lián)機該數(shù)據(jù)文件

          SQL> alter database datafile 3 online;

          Database altered.

          ?

          7 檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)(完全恢復(fù))

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          --------------------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ???????????????????????? 2

          說明:

          1 、采用熱備份,需要運行在歸檔模式下,可以實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的完全恢復(fù),也就是說,從備份后到數(shù)據(jù)庫崩潰時的數(shù)據(jù)都不會丟失 ;

          2 、可以采用全備份數(shù)據(jù)庫的方式備份,對于特殊情況,也可以只備份特定的數(shù)據(jù)文件,如只備份用戶表空間(一般情況下對于某些寫特別頻繁的數(shù)據(jù)文件,可以單獨加大備份頻率);

          3 、如果在恢復(fù)過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)損壞的是多個數(shù)據(jù)文件,即可以采用一個一個數(shù)據(jù)文件的恢復(fù)方法(第 5 步中需要對數(shù)據(jù)文件一一脫機,第 6 步中需要對數(shù)據(jù)文件分別恢復(fù)),也可以采用整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復(fù)方法;

          4 、如果是系統(tǒng)表空間的損壞,不能采用此方法。

          4.2.2 RMAN 備份方案

          ?

          RMAN 也可以進(jìn)行聯(lián)機備份,而且備份與恢復(fù)方法將比 OS 備份更簡單可靠。

          1 、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫,創(chuàng)建測試表并插入記錄

          SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;

          Connected.

          ?

          SQL> create table test(a int) tablespace users;

          Table created

          SQL> insert into test values(1);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          ?

          2 備份數(shù)據(jù)庫表空間 users

          C:\>rman

          Recovery Manager: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production

          RMAN> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back

          RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database

          RMAN> connect target internal/virpure

          RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)

          ?

          RMAN> run{

          2> allocate channel c1 type disk;

          3> backup tag 'tsuser' format 'd:\backup\tsuser_%u_%s_%p'

          4> tablespace users;

          5> release channel c1;

          6> }

          ?

          RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate

          RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate

          RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c1

          RMAN-08500: channel c1: sid=16 devtype=DISK

          ?

          RMAN-03022: compiling command: backup

          RMAN-03025: performing implicit partial resync of recovery catalog

          RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync

          RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog

          RMAN-08005: partial resync complete

          RMAN-03023: executing command: backup

          RMAN-08008: channel c1: starting full datafile backupset

          RMAN-08502: set_count=5 set_stamp=494177612 creation_time=16-MAY-03

          RMAN-08010: channel c1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset

          RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00003 name=D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF

          RMAN-08013: channel c1: piece 1 created

          RMAN-08503: piece handle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1 comment=NONE

          RMAN-08525: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

          RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync

          RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog

          RMAN-08005: partial resync complete

          RMAN-03022: compiling command: release

          RMAN-03023: executing command: release

          RMAN-08031: released channel: c1

          RMAN>

          ?

          3 繼續(xù)在測試表中插入記錄

          SQL> insert into test values(2);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          ---------------------------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ???????????????????????? 2

          SQL> alter system switch logfile;

          System altered.

          SQL>r

          1* alter system switch logfile;

          System altered.

          ?

          4 關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫,模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件

          SQL> shutdown immediate;

          Database closed.

          Database dismounted.

          Oracle instance shut down

          ?

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF

          ?

          5 啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢查錯誤

          SQL> startup

          Oracle instance started.

          Total System Global Area? 102020364 bytes

          Fixed Size??????????????????? 70924 bytes

          Variable Size????????????? 85487616 bytes

          Database Buffers?????????? 16384000 bytes

          Redo Buffers????????????????? 77824 bytes

          Database mounted.

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF'

          ?

          6 先打開數(shù)據(jù)庫

          SQL> alter database datafile 3 offline drop;

          Database altered.

          SQL> alter database open;

          Database altered.

          ?

          7 恢復(fù)該表空間

          恢復(fù)腳本可以是恢復(fù)單個數(shù)據(jù)文件

          run{

          allocate channel c1 type disk;

          restore datafile 3;

          recover datafile 3;

          sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';

          release channel c1;

          }

          也可以是 , 恢復(fù)表空間

          run{

          allocate channel c1 type disk;

          restore tablespace users;

          recover tablespace users;

          sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';

          release channel c1;

          }

          過程如下:

          C:\>rman

          Recovery Manager: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production

          RMAN> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back

          RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database

          RMAN> connect target internal/virpure

          RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)

          ?

          RMAN> run{

          2> allocate channel c1 type disk;

          3> restore datafile 3;

          4> recover datafile 3;

          5> sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';

          6> release channel c1;

          7> }

          ?

          // 輸出內(nèi)容冗長,省略 -- 編者

          RMAN>

          ?

          8 檢查數(shù)據(jù)是否完整

          SQL> alter database open;

          Database altered.

          ?

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          ---------------------------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ???????????????????????? 2

          說明:

          1 RMAN 也可以實現(xiàn)單個表空間或數(shù)據(jù)文件的恢復(fù),恢復(fù)過程可以在 mount 下或 open 方式下,如果在 open 方式下恢復(fù),可以減少 down 機時間 ;

          2 、如果損壞的是一個數(shù)據(jù)文件,建議 offline 并在 open 方式下恢復(fù) ;

          3 、這里可以看到, RMAN 進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)文件與表空間恢復(fù)的時候,代碼都比較簡單,而且能保證備份與恢復(fù)的可靠性,所以建議采用 RMAN 的備份與恢復(fù) .

          ?

          4.3 丟失多個數(shù)據(jù)文件,實現(xiàn)整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復(fù) .

          ?

          4.3.1 OS 備份方案

          OS 備份歸檔模式下?lián)p壞(丟失)多個數(shù)據(jù)文件,進(jìn)行整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復(fù)

          1 連接數(shù)據(jù)庫,創(chuàng)建測試表并插入記錄

          SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;

          Connected.

          ?

          SQL> create table test(a int);

          Table created

          SQL> insert into test values(1);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          ?

          2 備份數(shù)據(jù)庫,備份除臨時數(shù)據(jù)文件后的所數(shù)據(jù)文件

          SQL> @hotbak.sql 或在 DOS svrmgrl @hotbak.sql

          ?

          3 繼續(xù)在測試表中插入記錄

          SQL> insert into test values(2);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          ---------------------------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ???????????????????????? 2

          SQL> alter system switch logfile;

          System altered.

          SQL> alter system switch logfile;

          System altered.

          ?

          4 關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫,模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件

          SQL> shutdown immediate;

          Database closed.

          Database dismounted.

          Oracle instance shut down

          ?

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF

          模擬媒體毀壞(這里刪除多個數(shù)據(jù)文件)

          ?

          5 啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢查錯誤

          SQL> STARTUP

          Oracle instance started.

          Total System Global Area? 102020364 bytes

          Fixed Size??????????????????? 70924 bytes

          Variable Size????????????? 85487616 bytes

          Database Buffers?????????? 16384000 bytes

          Redo Buffers????????????????? 77824 bytes

          Database mounted.

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 1: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'

          ?

          詳細(xì)信息可以查看報警文件

          ORA-1157 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE OPEN...

          Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003

          Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 1: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'

          ORA-27041: unable to open file

          OSD-04002: unable to open file

          O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。

          ?

          Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003

          Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 2 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 2: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF'

          ORA-27041: unable to open file

          OSD-04002: unable to open file

          O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。

          ?

          Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003

          Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 5 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 5: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF'

          ORA-27041: unable to open file

          OSD-04002: unable to open file

          O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。

          ?

          Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003

          Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 6 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 6: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF'

          ORA-27041: unable to open file

          OSD-04002: unable to open file

          O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。

          ?

          通過查詢 v$recover_file 可以看到

          SQL> select * from v$recover_file;

          ?

          ???? FILE# ONLINE? ERROR???????????????? CHANGE# TIME

          ---------- ------- ------------------ ---------- -----------

          ???????? 1 ONLINE? FILE NOT FOUND????????????? 0

          ???????? 2 ONLINE? FILE NOT FOUND????????????? 0

          ???????? 5 ONLINE? FILE NOT FOUND????????????? 0

          ???????? 6 ONLINE? FILE NOT FOUND????????????? 0

          有四個數(shù)據(jù)文件需要恢復(fù)

          ?

          6 拷貝備份回到原地點 (restore) ,開始恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)庫 (recover)

          restore 過程 :

          C:\>copy D:\DATABAK\SYSTEM01.DBF D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\

          C:\>copy D:\DATABAK\TEST\INDX01.DBF D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\

          C:\>copy D:\DATABAK\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\

          C:\>copy D:\DATABAK\TEST\RBS01.DBF.DBF D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\

          ?

          Recover 過程 :

          SQL> recover database;

          ?

          ORA-00279: change 1073849 generated at 05/08/2003 08:58:35 needed for thread 1

          ORA-00289: suggestion : D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00311.ARC

          ORA-00280: change 1073849 for thread 1 is in sequence #311

          ?

          Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}

          auto

          ORA-00279: change 1073856 generated at 05/08/2003 09:03:27 needed for thread 1

          ORA-00289: suggestion : D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00312.ARC

          ORA-00280: change 1073856 for thread 1 is in sequence #312

          ORA-00278: log file 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00311.ARC' no

          longer needed for this recovery

          ?

          ORA-00279: change 1073858 generated at 05/08/2003 09:11:43 needed for thread 1

          ORA-00289: suggestion : D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00313.ARC

          ORA-00280: change 1073858 for thread 1 is in sequence #313

          ORA-00278: log file 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00312.ARC' no

          longer needed for this recovery

          ?

          ORA-00279: change 1073870 generated at 05/08/2003 09:11:46 needed for thread 1

          ORA-00289: suggestion : D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00314.ARC

          ORA-00280: change 1073870 for thread 1 is in sequence #314

          ORA-00278: log file 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00313.ARC' no

          longer needed for this recovery

          ?

          Log applied.

          Media recovery complete.

          ?

          7 打開數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)(完全恢復(fù))

          SQL> alter database open;

          Database altered.

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          ---------------------------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ???????????????????????? 2

          ?

          說明:

          1 、只要有備份與歸檔存在,就可以實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的完全恢復(fù)(不丟失數(shù)據(jù)) ;

          2 、適合于丟失大量數(shù)據(jù)文件,或包含系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)文件在內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復(fù) ;

          3 、恢復(fù)過程在 mount 下進(jìn)行,如果恢復(fù)成功,再打開數(shù)據(jù)庫, down 機時 間可能比較長一些。

          ?

          4.3.2 RMAN 備份方案

          RMAN 備份 歸檔模式下?lián)p壞(丟失)多個數(shù)據(jù)文件,進(jìn)行整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復(fù)

          1 、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫,創(chuàng)建測試表并插入記錄

          ?

          SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;

          Connected.

          SQL> create table test(a int);

          Table created

          SQL> insert into test values(1);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          ?

          2 、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫

          DOS C:>\ rman cmdfile=bakup.rcv msglog=backup.log;

          ?

          以下是 backup.log 內(nèi)容。

          Recovery Manager: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production

          RMAN> #???? script:bakup.rcv

          2> #???? creater:chenjiping

          3> #???? date:5.8.2003

          4> #???? desc:backup all database datafile in archive with rman

          5>

          6> #connect database

          7> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back ;

          8> connect target internal/virpure;

          9>

          10> #start backup database

          11> run{

          12> allocate channel c1 type disk;

          13> backup full tag 'dbfull' format 'd:\backup\full%u_%s_%p' database

          14> include current controlfile;

          15> sql 'alter system archive log current';

          16> release channel c1;

          17> }

          18> #end

          19>

          ?

          RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database

          RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)

          RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate

          RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate

          RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c1

          RMAN-08500: channel c1: sid=15 devtype=DISK

          RMAN-03022: compiling command: backup

          RMAN-03023: executing command: backup

          RMAN-08008: channel c1: starting full datafile backupset

          RMAN-08502: set_count=4 set_stamp=494074368 creation_time=15-MAY-03

          RMAN-08010: channel c1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset

          RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00002 name=D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF

          RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00001 name=D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF

          RMAN-08011: including current controlfile in backupset

          RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00005 name=D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF

          RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00004 name=D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TEMP01.DBF

          RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00006 name=D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF

          RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00003 name=D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF

          RMAN-08013: channel c1: piece 1 created

          RMAN-08503: piece handle=D:\BACKUP\FULL04EN5UG0_4_1 comment=NONE

          RMAN-08525: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:16

          RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync

          RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog

          RMAN-08005: partial resync complete

          RMAN-03022: compiling command: sql

          RMAN-06162: sql statement: alter system archive log current

          RMAN-03023: executing command: sql

          RMAN-03022: compiling command: release

          RMAN-03023: executing command: release

          RMAN-08031: released channel: c1

          Recovery Manager complete.

          到這里表示備份成功。

          ?

          3 繼續(xù)在測試表中插入記錄

          SQL> insert into test values(2);

          1 row inserted

          SQL> commit;

          Commit complete

          SQL> select * from test;

          ???????????????????????? A

          ---------------------------------------

          ???????????????????????? 1

          ???????????????????????? 2

          SQL>alter system switch logfile;

          System altered.

          SQL> alter system switch logfile;

          System altered.

          ?

          4 關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫,模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件

          SQL> shutdown immediate;

          Database closed.

          Database dismounted.

          Oracle instance shut down

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF

          C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF

          ?

          5 、啟動數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢查錯誤

          SQL> STARTUP

          Oracle instance started.

          Total System Global Area? 102020364 bytes

          Fixed Size??????????????????? 70924 bytes

          Variable Size????????????? 85487616 bytes

          Database Buffers?????????? 16384000 bytes

          Redo Buffers????????????????? 77824 bytes

          Database mounted.

          ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file

          ORA-01110: data file 1: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'

          ?

          查詢 v$recover_file

          SQL> select * from v$recover_file;

          ?

          ???? FILE# ONLINE? ERROR???????????????? CHANGE# TIME

          ---------- ------- ------------------ ---------- -----------

          ???????? 1 ONLINE? FILE NOT FOUND????????????? 0

          ???????? 2 ONLINE? FILE NOT FOUND????????????? 0

          ???????? 5 ONLINE? FILE NOT FOUND????????????? 0

          ???????? 6 ONLINE? FILE NOT FOUND????????????? 0

          ?

          可以知道有四個數(shù)據(jù)文件需要恢復(fù)

          posted on 2007-01-08 16:27 ASONG 閱讀(518) 評論(0)  編輯  收藏 所屬分類: database

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